Ludwig Binswanger

This article describes Ludwig Binswanger (II), see Ludwig Binswanger the Elder .

Portrait of Binswanger by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Ludwig Binswanger (born April 13, 1881 in Kreuzlingen , Switzerland ; † February 5, 1966 there ) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst .

He is probably the best-known offspring of the widespread Swiss psychiatrist family Binswanger . He was one of the leading intellectual personalities in his country early on and is considered the founder of Daseinanalysis , a combination of psychoanalysis and existential philosophy , which was an important doctrine of depth psychology , especially after the Second World War .

As a result, Ludwig Binswanger has found a firm place in the history of psychiatry in the 20th century. For 45 years he headed the Bellevue sanatorium in Kreuzlingen, Canton Thurgau , founded by his grandfather of the same name in 1857 , through which he also became internationally known.

Life

Family tradition

Ludwig Binswanger was the first son of Robert Binswanger , under whose direction the sanatorium had already gained a reputation across Europe. In keeping with family tradition, he grew up in close contact with the patients at the clinic, while the family itself had a much greater interest in philosophy , history , literature , art and music .

Personally, he was guided by his father's principle not to be attached to any scientific “ school ” or any dogma in order to remain open and free from ideological and scientific ties. When treating the mentally ill, too, the Binswangers took a liberal view early on, while on the other hand they showed a great deal of respect and deep understanding for the individuality of the sick. So in Bellevue one was interested in progress in psychiatry , namely Freud's psychoanalysis, but critically examining it while preserving one's own thinking and judgments.

School education and study

Ludwig Binswanger received private lessons on Brunegg from the age of four, then he went to the seminar practice school with teacher Seiler. He spent the first years of high school at the canton school in Schaffhausen , later he switched to the high school in Konstanz - it was an excellent school that gave him the intellectual, in particular the scientific basis of his education.

His medical training began in 1900; He studied three semesters in Lausanne , four semesters in Zurich , then two semesters in Heidelberg , where Professors Erb and Bönhöffer particularly impressed him, then five semesters in Zurich again.

In 1906 he passed his medical state examination in Zurich. After completing his doctorate, he went to the Zurich University Clinic “ Burghölzli ” for a year as an assistant , under the direction of Eugen Bleuler . The senior physician was Carl Gustav Jung , with whom Binswanger wrote his doctoral thesis The psychogalvanic reflex phenomenon in the association experiment. Ludwig Binswanger was made aware of psychoanalysis through C. G. Jung. At that time, Bleuler and Jung tried to incorporate psychoanalysis into psychiatry.

Friendship with Sigmund Freud

Ludwig Binswanger dealt very intensively with Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis at Burghölzli . He owed his earliest contact to Freud to C. G. Jung. They worked on an analysis of the connection between ideas and affects. In 1907 Binswanger and Jung traveled to Sigmund Freud in Vienna to discuss their results with him.

A lifelong friendship with growing familiarity developed between Sigmund Freud, 25 years his senior, and Ludwig Binswanger. Their correspondence from 1908 to 1938 shows a riveting discussion of different scientific views. Freud admired Binswanger's erudition, the breadth of his intellectual horizon, his modesty, and his tact.

Various trips to Vienna and a return visit by Freud to Kreuzlingen at Pentecost in 1912 established a friendship between the two, which lasted until Freud's death in 1939, although they fundamentally represented different views in the field of theory.

Freud hoped that Binswanger would soon play a double role between psychoanalysis and the “Zurichers” (the analysts around Bleuler and Jung) on ​​the one hand, and clinical psychiatry on the other.

But a (single) dissenting vote from Binswanger could not prevent the “Zürcher” from leaving the Psychoanalytic Association in 1914. Binswanger, for his part, demonstratively joined the Vienna group and wrote to Freud:

"I prefer this group because by joining it I believe I can most likely document my admiration and admiration for you and my devotion."

Years of assistance and takeover of Bellevue

1907/1908 followed another year as an assistant doctor to his uncle Otto Binswanger at the psychiatric clinic in Jena . After an educational trip to Paris , England and Scotland , Ludwig Binswanger joined his father in the Bellevue in 1908 as an assistant doctor.

In the same year he married Hertha Buchenberger, whom he had met in Jena. She was the daughter of the Baden finance minister; Having broken out of the narrow prejudices of her time, she had taken up the nursing profession, which was then despised and frowned upon in upper circles. It was a fortunate choice that Binswanger had made; a cultivated, lively, noble and noble woman entered his world, who understood him deeply, served the sick in a selfless manner and accompanied him as the most loyal, understanding companion on his often not easy wandering. Ludwig Binswanger had a total of six children with his wife.

In 1911, Ludwig, who was just under thirty, took over the management of the Bellevue after the sudden death of his father. His brother Otto (1882–1968) was responsible for the commercial and economic division of the company.

Head of Bellevue (1910–1956)

A day as the director of the Bellevue: the medical conference began at eight o'clock in the morning, the medical rounds lasted from nine o'clock until noon; The lunch table united the doctors, their wives and the patients, at three o'clock in the afternoon the psychotherapeutic activity followed, in the evening after seven o'clock the doctors and patients gathered for dinner, afterwards one sat together with them and could then afterwards the scientific reading dedicate. On Friday afternoon, Ludwig Binswanger withdrew to Brunegg to take a good rest from this strict “being there for the others”; Saturday and Sunday allowed for one's own scientific work. The family had to miss out on this service, but his grandfather had already introduced the motto: "The sick come first, then you come!"

In 1920 he gave a lecture at the International Hague Congress on Psychoanalysis entitled "Psychoanalysis and Clinical Psychiatry". Two years later, Binswanger's main work in the early phase, the introduction to the problems of general psychology, appears .

In the interwar period, Binswanger was busy giving lectures. In 1922 he gave a lecture “On Phenomenology” in Burghölzli, in which he dealt with the importance of Husserl's phenomenology for psychopathology. In the 1920s, philosophers, writers and artists often met at Bellevue.

After 10 years of work, Ludwig Binswanger published his work Introduction to the Problems of General Psychology in 1922 , which he dedicated to Ernst Bleuler and Sigmund Freud.

From 1925 to 1928 Ludwig Binswanger was President of the Swiss Association for Psychiatry.

In 1936, on the occasion of Freud's eightieth birthday, Ludwig Binswanger held one of the festive lectures in Vienna entitled “Freud's conception of man in the light of anthropology”, in which he subjected Freud's concept of man to a well-founded criticism. The University of Basel awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1941.

Only one year later, in 1942, Binswanger's major work, Basic Forms and Knowledge of Human Being, appeared . In it, Binswanger founded his own anthropology, which became known under the name "Daseinsanalyse".

From around the mid-1940s a friendship and collaboration began with the Freiburg philosopher Wilhelm Szilasi , through whom Binswanger became aware of Husserl's late work, which appeared in the 1950s.

In 1947 the first of two anthologies of lectures and essays appeared , the second appeared in 1955. In 1956 Ludwig Binswanger resigned from his position and handed over the management of the clinic to his son Wolfgang Binswanger .

Bellevue Sanatorium (1989)

From 1957 until his death

Ludwig Binswanger continued his research and writing activities for a long time after his resignation from Bellevue. He did not see his works as something closed, finished: everything is always in the process of becoming. Now in his old age he could devote himself to writing at leisure; at that time it had to be wrested from the few holiday weeks in Braunwald, on Bödele in Vorarlberg , at Wolfsberg Castle and the meager weekend hours; because the whole day belonged to the sick patients.

Three forms of unsuccessful existence. Exaggeration, eccentricity, mannerism wrote Ludwig Binswanger in 1956. This work related psychiatric and depth psychological thinking with an art historical perspective. Accordingly, neurotic and schizophrenic experience has many correspondences in cultural and intellectual history: the mentally ill person does not “invent” his illness himself, but he absorbs a lot from the culture around him.

In 1957 the schizophrenia studies appeared in the book Schizophrenia , as well as the anthology Der Mensch in der Psychiatrie . One of the rare awards for outstanding scientific achievements, the Kraepelin Medal, was awarded to Ludwig Binswanger in 1957.

Two years later he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Freiburg im Breisgau . In 1960 the book Melancholie und Manie was published , influenced by Husserl's and Szilasi's philosophy. In it Binswanger turned to transcendental phenomenological thinking. Ludwig Binswanger became honorary senator of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences in Basel in 1961. In the book Wahn , which appeared in 1965, he dealt with the delusional problem from a phenomenological and existential analytical point of view.

Ludwig Binswanger's estate is in the Binswanger archive of the University of Tübingen .

Binswanger's thinking

Ludwig Binswanger was first and foremost a scientist, more a researcher than a therapist, while he could rely on the cooperation of excellent assistant doctors for his work in the clinic. This offered Ludwig Binswanger the opportunity to have extensive personal and academic contacts with many of the most famous thinkers of his time.

Ludwig Binswanger turned down the possibility of an academic career. As a doctor he always stayed in close contact with psychiatric empiricism. The top priority for him was to methodically do justice to the vivid reality of sick people. The philosophical and scientific currents of his time were primarily instruments for refining medical empiricism.

Binswanger rejected any dogma formation. His reception of psychoanalysis was critical, and in the increasing tendency towards system formation in the phenomenology of Husserl and Heidegger, he quickly saw the growing danger of its scientific sterility.

Orientation towards Husserl and Heidegger

In his search for a better understanding of the puzzling nature of psychosis and neurosis , he came across the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl . This doctrine of phenomena serves to research meaning and meaning. Phenomenon is to be equated with the meaning and content of the individual's experience. Meaningful and meaningful acts and their subject areas make people into people. The perceived phenomena remain both the starting point and the end point of scientific consideration.

This is where Binswanger's conception separates in principle from Freud, psychoanalysis explores the unconscious behind the “facade” in depth psychology. Ultimately, Husserl's framework for thought proved to be too narrow for Binswanger.

After an initial creative phase inspired by the neo-Kantian philosophy of science, Ludwig Binswanger began to understand people in terms of their worldliness with the publication of Martin Heidegger's work Sein und Zeit in 1927. The new way of thinking about people and things revolutionized philosophy at the time.

Binswanger endeavored to clarify the relationship between science and philosophy in order to avoid confusing boundaries and mutual crossings.

The Bellevue in Kreuzlingen

The "Asyl Bellevue" , a sanatorium for the mentally and mentally ill, was opened by Ludwig Binswanger's grandfather (Ludwig Binswanger the Elder). He was born in Osterberg , Bavaria, in 1820 and belonged to the psychiatric avant-garde of his time.

In January 1857 he acquired the Bellevue property in Kreuzlingen on Lake Constance . There he founded a private asylum for the mentally ill, in which he practiced a kind of combination of open hospital treatment while at the same time including the sick in the family life of the hospital director. Ludwig Binswanger I and his family lived in a "therapeutic community" with the patients.

The private asylum developed very successfully and quickly became known beyond the national borders. The number of sick patients grew from initially 15 patients to 40 until 1879. The clientele of the sanatorium came from the rich, intellectually, artistically interested European upper class.

After the death of Ludwig Binswanger the Elder. Ä. in 1880 his eldest son, Robert Binswanger, took over the management of the asylum. He built the sanatorium into a (combined) “Curanstalt for the mentally and mentally ill”. This required a greater spatial separation of the patients according to the degrees and forms of their illness. The Bellevue grew into a whole ensemble of houses and villas, in line with this medical requirement for the greatest possible individualization. Particular attention was paid to the elegant - reserved character of the establishment, because the clientele were largely Russian, German and Italian aristocrats (who were, however, "looked after" here against their will). This is how a brochure from 1903 advertises the Bellevue:

“The villas are consistently furnished with electrical lighting and central heating in accordance with the requirements of higher ranks. In order to meet individual requirements, (...) the individual apartments vary in terms of size and elegance of the furnishings. "

Under Robert Binswanger, the number of admitted patients rose to 80. The therapy methods used were always state-of-the-art. The design of the institution with an abundance of stylishly maintained buildings, embedded in a spacious park landscape, also allowed a favorable therapeutic environment.

From 1908 Ludwig Binswanger (II) worked in his father's sanatorium, which he expanded into a modern private psychiatric clinic as its head from 1910 after the death of his father.

The clinical epoch of Bellevue that began with this generation change was shaped by the scientific spirit of the young Binswanger. While many of the achievements from the time of asylum and the sanatorium, such as the patients' close contact with the doctor's family and the individualized treatment, were retained, the assumption of psychoanalysis was the top and most responsible decision for the new head. In the eyes of Binswanger, the name “Nervenklinik” required real psychotherapy, which had to be carried out according to carefully determined indications.

In addition, new treatment options gradually allowed the inclusion of all forms of psychosis, including those severe "paranoiacs" that Robert Binswanger still considered to be too dangerous. In essence, Binswanger remained true to the basic therapeutic attitude adopted from his father, not to use any forms of therapy that break the patient's will.

During the war and in the post-war period, the institution faced great difficulties because of its location near the border with Germany.

Ludwig Binswanger headed the medical area of ​​the sanatorium until 1957, the economic part until 1947 his brother Otto and from 1947 to 1957 his nephew Werner. Ludwig Binswanger's son, Wolfgang Binswanger, was the clinic's chief physician from 1957 to 1979.

In 1956, a year before the centenary of the Bellevue, the fourth generation took over. In 1980 the clinic had to be closed for economic reasons, and in 1986 the entire building complex was sold.

Through various contacts of Ludwig, the Bellevue became a center of European intellectual life. This is evidenced by Binswanger's extensive correspondence, as is the Kreuzlingen guest book, which lists artists and scientists of European standing: Sigmund Freud, Edmund Husserl, Max Scheler , Martin Heidegger, Karl Löwith , Leopold Ziegler , Martin Buber , Werner Bergengruen , Leonhard Frank , Rudolf Alexander Schröder , Edwin Fischer , Henry van de Velde , Aby Warburg , Julius Schaxel , Kurt Goldstein , Wilhelm Furtwängler and Emil Staiger and other personalities visited Binswanger in Kreuzlingen.

The patients at Bellevue also included illustrious names: Alice von Battenberg (mother of Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , Prince Consort of Elizabeth II , Queen of Great Britain ) and the Russian dancer Vaslav Nijinsky were among them, as was the actor Gustaf Gründgens , the art historian Aby Warburg , the psychologist Karl Duncker or Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , who created 22 woodcuts in Kreuzlingen, which are now considered by some experts to be his most important works.

Analysis of existence

From psychoanalysis to Daseinanalysis

Ludwig Binswanger was enthusiastic about psychoanalysis. Due to his psychopathological and psychiatric-clinical knowledge, conclusions and decisions, however, he was not satisfied with the limitations that psychoanalysis has. The framework conditions of his clinic, which is remote from university science operations, allowed him to gain his own knowledge in the context of the respective application of specifically required experience and skills. The psychoanalytic method of treatment remained an indispensable tool for him, but he distanced himself from the theoretical conclusions.

Ludwig Binswanger tried to combine knowledge from two different origins, psychoanalytic and philosophical, into a new theory in an entangled way of working. For him, theory is not, as in the natural sciences, a construction for the purpose of explaining an event. For him, theory becomes a methodological guide, taken from the meaning and content of certain modes of experience, for the scientific understanding of these experiences.

Ludwig Binswanger first named his research area “phenomenological anthropology”. It was not until 1941 that he called it Daseinanalysis; it should not supersede psychoanalysis, as there are two completely different ways of thinking. The basic psychoanalytic concern was even significantly promoted by the analysis of existence and has gained an important proximity to the reality of life.

Step by step, the founder of Daseinanalysis demonstrated where and how the scientific way of thinking falls short in the area of ​​human behavior and misses the specifically human aspect of human existence. In doing so, he relied to a major extent on Heidegger's deconstruction of Descartes ' basic idea , which had led to the subject-object division of the world, which Binswanger called the “cancerous disease” of science.

Ludwig Binswanger uses Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's sentence programmatically for the analysis of existence : "Individuality is what their world is as theirs". He did not establish a school, but integrated phenomenological, psychoanalytic and psychiatric aspects in an anthropology.

Analysis of Existence in Clinical Application

The analysis of existence is a systematically practiced method in which the doctor and patient are on the same level. It is the level of dialogue about the structure of the entire world of the person concerned, in which the symptom becomes a structural element of his existence.

The patient should be brought to speak, and he himself, it is not a question of the words about him. The language is the real guide. It is about taking the linguistic utterance absolutely seriously, because this is the only way the doctor can gain greater clarity about what can be perceived in the patient. This special communication between doctor and patient shows what is in reality and what should therefore become the basis of medical action. Through this form of relationship, the analysis of existence has, to a certain extent, fallen into the lap of therapeutic effectiveness.

The founder of Daseinanalysis starts from the necessity of a connection with fate with regard to the purely human relationship in the sense of real togetherness. The doctor has to consider a modification of the constitution of existence, this order of the existence of the individual determined person in his individual character. He can only do this if he gives up the medically learned objective observation standpoint in order to be able to participate in the existence of the other with a very special openness. By experiencing and understanding, he learns the essentials from the patient. He succeeds in finding out the patient's “inner life story”.

The aim of the analysis of Dasein will always be to help the structure of the respective Dasein to its richest development.

Hauptwerk I: Introduction to the problems of general psychology

Sigmund Freud is rather negative about philosophical speculations and does not check the assumptions of his basic concepts in detail - for Ludwig Binswanger this results in contradictions: Freud sometimes describes the human soul as a natural thing, then again as a subject. If man is essentially a person and an I, the analysis as instinctual beings and libido machine does not do him justice. In his first major work, which he wrote in 1922, Binswanger confronts psychoanalysis with the idea of ​​human personality. Is a scientific representation of the psychic even possible, desirable and practically useful?

Philosophers such as Henri Bergson and Wilhelm Dilthey show impressively that all psychic mechanics are doomed to failure. In connection with this, Binswanger turns against the attempt to explain the psychic causally, that is, to force it into the scheme of cause and effect, which has undoubtedly proven itself in the natural sciences. If the human personality is free and creative within the framework of its many conditions, one has to approach it in an understanding way, an aid that has been reserved for the "understanding of formations" since Dilthey. According to Binswanger, psychology and psychoanalysis cannot do without the concept of the person, but the person is not to be understood as an “isolated me”, but lives in their “I-YOU relationships” and by working with the supra-personal “beings of culture “Partake. That is why all psychological research must be anchored in the cultural and human sciences.

Hauptwerk II: Basic forms and knowledge of human existence

As a result of his preoccupation with the philosophical-literary tradition of the West, Ludwig Binswanger presented his second major work in 1942: he analyzed the forms of community: love, eros, friendship. On the basis of this analysis he develops the possible basic forms of existence (love, existence, intercourse). In doing so, he extends Heidegger's existential-ontological concept of existence through the basic forms of love and dealing (with oneself or with others), which can only be understood socially-ontologically.

From this approach, Binswanger derives the essence of knowledge of existence in the form of a general outline of psychological knowledge in general. As a result, he questioned the possibility of advancing from an objective analysis of human behavior and functions to human reality. Ludwig Binswanger's concept of the knowledge of existence, on the other hand, implies a psychological methodology that starts from a subject that in psychological knowledge always includes both the subjectivity of the known and the subjectivity of the knower. In this way, phenomenologically, Binswanger neutralizes the traditional subject-object split. The social-ontological result of this approach is the definition: "Psychology is the science of the question-answer game of existence with itself."

The special significance of Binswanger's work lies above all in the fact that it transfers positions in the humanities to the predominantly somatically oriented clinical psychiatry and, conversely, has an empirical corrective effect on methodological absolutizations in phenomenological philosophy as well as in academic psychology.

Awards

• 1956 Golden Kraepelin Medal

Works

Most of Ludwig Binswanger's works are lectures and short articles in specialist journals.

Because Binswanger writes just as difficult as Husserl or Heidegger, his works are difficult to translate into other languages, but after the Second World War they were increasingly distributed in the USA.

• About the behavior of the psychogalvanic phenomenon in the association experiment. Diagnostic association studies. 1907
• About the development and prevention of mental disorders . 1910
• Introduction to the problems of general psychology . Berlin. 1922
• Changes in the conception and interpretation of the dream . Berlin 1928 - book title
• Dream and existence . 1930
• On the history of the Bellevue Sanatorium . Kreuzlingen 1857–1932
• About flight of ideas . Zurich 1933
• Freud's conception of man in the light of anthropology . Extended lecture held to celebrate Sigmund Freud's 80th birthday at the Akad. Verein fürmedizin. Psychology. Vienna 1936
• Basic forms and knowledge of human existence . Zurich 1942
• About language and thinking . Basel 1946
• Selected essays and lectures, Vol. 1: On phenomenological anthropology . Bern 1947
• Henrik Ibsen and the problem of self-realization in art . Heidelberg 1949
• The significance of Martin Heidegger's analysis of existence for the self-image of psychiatry. 1949
• About Martin Heidegger and psychiatry. Festschrift to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the Heinrich-Suso-Gymnasium in Konstanz in 1954
• Selected lectures and essays, Vol. II: On the problems of psychiatric research and on the problem of psychiatry . Bern 1955
• Memories of Sigmund Freud . Bern 1956
• Three forms of unsuccessful existence. Excessiveness, eccentricity, mannerism . Tuebingen 1956
• Schizophrenia . Pfullingen 1957
• Man in psychiatry . Pfullingen 1957
• Melancholy and mania. Phenomenological Studies . Pfullingen 1960
• Preface to Hans Häfner's “Psychopathies”. Monographs from the entire field of neurology and psychiatry. Berlin 1961
• The musical person. Preface to “Musical Education” . Amriswil 1962
• Delusion. Contributions to his phenomenological and existential analysis research . Pfullingen. 1965
• Dream and existence . Introduction by Michel Foucault . Verlag Gachnang & Springer, Bern / Berlin 1992, ISBN 978-3-906127-31-6 .
• Aby Warburg: La guarigione infinita. Storia clinica di Aby Warburg. A cura di Davide Stimilli. Vicenza 2005 (in German: The Infinite Healing. Aby Warburg's medical history , diaphanes, Zurich / Berlin 2007).

Work edition

• Selected works in 4 volumes. Roland Asanger, Heidelberg 1992-1994
  • Volume 1: Forms of Failed Existence , ed. v. Max Herzog, 1992, ISBN 3-89334-206-0
  • Volume 2: Basic forms and knowledge of human existence , ed. v. Max Herzog and Hans-Jürg Braun, 1993, ISBN 3-89334-203-6 and ISBN 3-89334-207-9
  • Volume 3: Lectures and Articles , ed. v. Max Herzog, 1994, ISBN 3-89334-204-4 or ISBN 3-89334-208-7
  • Volume 4: Man in Psychiatry , ed. v. Alice Holzhey-Kunz, 1994, ISBN 3-89334-205-2 or ISBN 3-89334-209-5

literature

• Susanne Apelt-Riel: The correspondence between Ludwig Binswanger and Eugen Bleuler from 1907 to 1939 in the field of tension between psychoanalysis and psychiatry in the first half of the 20th century . Dissertation, University of Tübingen 2009, full text (PDF)
• Gerhard Fichtner : Binswanger, Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
• Michel Foucault: Introduction (to Ludwig Binswanger, 'Dream and Existence'). 1954, German in: Michel Foucault, Schriften 1, Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 2001, ISBN 3-518-58311-5
• Claudia Frank: Draft of a holistic understanding of people ... using the example of Ludwig Binswanger, doctoral thesis Tübingen 1983.
• Hans Geigenmüller: Ludwig Binswanger's way to analysis of existence. In: Thurgauer Jahrbuch , Vol. 72, 1997, pp. 93-100. ( e-periodica.ch )
• Julia Gnann: Binswangers Kuranstalt Bellevue 1906-1910 . Dissertation, University of Tübingen 2005. DNB 979155908/34
• Christof Goddemeier: Ludwig Binswanger, founder of the analysis of existence . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt , PP June 2006, p. 264
• Thorsten Gubatz: Binswanger . In: Jürgen Mittelstraß (Ed.): Encyclopedia Philosophy and Philosophy of Science. Vol. 1. 2nd edition. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2005, p. 469f.
• Andrea Henzler: On the technology in Ludwig Binswanger's first psychoanalytically oriented treatments, dissertation Tübingen 2007 digitized .
• Max Herzog :; World designs. Ludwig Binswanger's phenomenological psychology . De Gruyter, Berlin et al. 1994, ISBN 3-11-014213-9
• Albrecht Hirschmüller, Annett Moses (ed.): Psychiatry in Binswanger's clinic “Bellevue”. Diagnostics - therapy - doctor-patient relationship . Lectures at an international conference in Tübingen, 4. – 5. October 2002, full text
• Dino Larese (Ed.): Philosophers on Lake Constance . Gessler, Friedrichshafen 1999, ISBN 3-86136-030-6
• Chantal Marazia. Philosophical whitewashing. Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) and the sterilization of manic-depressive patients. In: Medical History Journal. 46 (2011) 134-154
• Josef Rattner : Ludwig Binswanger . In: J. Rattner: Classics of depth psychology . Psychologie Verlag Union, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-621-27102-3 , pp. 631–654
• Heinz Vetter: The conception of the psychic in Ludwig Binswanger's work . Lang, Bern et al. 1990, ISBN 3-261-04284-2
• Franco Volpi (Hrsg.): Large work dictionary of philosophy . Kröner, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-520-82901-0
• Ashes of wisdom . In: Die Zeit , No. 50/1992; about a book publication of the Binswanger - Freud correspondence
• Aurelio Molaro, Psicoanalisi e fenomenologia. DIalettica dell'umano ed epistemologia , Raffaello Cortina, Milan 2016
• Aurelio Molaro, Giovanni Stanghellini (Eds.), Storia della fenomenologia clinica [History of clinical phenomenology], UTET, Torino 2020.

Web links

Commons : Ludwig Binswanger  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Publications by and about Ludwig Binswanger in the Helveticat catalog of the Swiss National Library
• Literature by and about Ludwig Binswanger in the catalog of the German National Library
• André Salathé: Binswanger. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
• Julian Schwarz: Biography of Ludwig Binswanger , Biographical Archive of Psychiatry (BIAPSY)
• Nekrolog for Ludwig von Binswanger In: Thurgauer Jahrbuch . Vol. 42, 1967, pp. 101-102

Individual evidence

1. ^ Letter to Freud dated July 28, 1914
2. ^ Thurgau yearbook: Otto Binswanger. Retrieved March 23, 2020 . 
3. ↑ M. Herzog, H.-J. Brown: Ludwig Binswanger. Selected works . Volume 2. p. 441.