Jüdenstrasse (Berlin-Spandau)

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Jüdenstrasse (Spandau)
coat of arms
Street in Berlin
Jüdenstrasse (Spandau)
Basic data
place Berlin
District Spandau
Created in the 14th century
Hist. Names Kinkelstrasse
(1938–2002)
Connecting roads Old Town Square ,
Victoria Embankment
Cross streets Charlottenstrasse ,
Moritzstrasse ,
Ritterstrasse
use
User groups Foot traffic , car traffic
Technical specifications
Street length approx. 400 meters

The Jüdenstraße is a traffic route in the old town of Berlin district in Spandau . It begins at the Altstädter Ring and crosses the Mühlengraben there, crosses Moritzstrasse and Ritterstrasse, and at its northern end meets the Viktoria-Ufer again . Since the longitudinal street used to end at both ends of the city wall, Jüdenstrasse, in contrast to the parallel Breiten Strasse and Carl-Schurz-Strasse, was not a thoroughfare. With its small shops, it is far less busy than the other streets and cross streets of Spandau's old town, which are designed as pedestrian zones .

history

Jüdenstrasse on a cadastral map of the city of Spandau from 1728

Initial creation and origin of name

The street was built in the 14th century. The word Jüden is a modified variant of the Middle High German word Jews . This street was named after the Jews who lived there at that time. The earliest known tradition of the name dates back to 1537.

The presence of Jews in Spandau was mentioned in a document as early as 1307. According to sources from the 18th century, there was a synagogue (the Jewish school ) at the southern end of Jüdenstraße , which first appeared in written sources in 1342. Jewish life in Spandau can be dated back to before 1244 on the basis of medieval Jewish gravestones that were found during excavations in the foundations of the Spandau Citadel . Spandau itself was first mentioned in a document 47 years earlier, in 1197.

In 1510 there was the Berlin host desecration process , as a result of which 39 Jews from the Berlin area were burned and all Jews were expelled from the Mark Brandenburg . The Spandau synagogue on Jüdenstrasse was then closed and rented out by the city, the Jewish cemeteries were moved in and some of their tombstones were used to build the citadel's fortress. Only 150 years later, with an edict of tolerance by Elector Friedrich Wilhelm , did more Jews settle in Brandenburg again, and a new Jewish community slowly formed in Spandau. Plans from the 19th century to build a new synagogue on Jüdenstrasse failed because the building was too cramped. In 1894, construction began on the Spandau synagogue on Lindenufer , at the corner of Kammerstrasse .

On May 13, 1620, 40 houses burned down in Jüdenstrasse. Because of the following outbreaks of plague in Spandau (1626–1637) and the burdens of the Thirty Years' War , the road could not be fully re-established until 1688.

The former Moritzkirche before demolition (1920)

Moritz Church

At the southern end of Jüdenstraße towards the city wall was the Moritzkirche, which was first mentioned in 1461, but was certainly older. After 1806 it was converted into a barracks and in 1920 it was demolished in favor of residential development.

Lynar Castle, Spandau Penitentiary

Floor plan of the Spandau prison between Jüdenstrasse and Potsdamer Strasse (since 1939 Carl-Schurz-Strasse ) from 1805

Between 1578 and 1581, Count Rochus zu Lynar (chief architect of the citadel) had a palace built on a large area between Jüdenstrasse, Carl-Schurzstrasse, Charlottenstrasse and Moritzstrasse, which was called the Count's Palace or Lynar Palace. In 1686 the Elector Friedrich Wilhelm acquired the castle from the Lynar heirs to convert it into a spinning and penitentiary. After the building had become very dilapidated in the 18th century, the Prussian state invested 80,000  thalers in 1805 in the expansion and conversion of the penitentiary into a penal and reformatory institution. This was dissolved in 1872 and the building was used as a castle barracks for billeting the 3rd Guard Grenadier Regiment "Queen Elisabeth". In 1898 the barracks were completely demolished to make room for the construction of rental houses.

The turning lock

Wendenschloß at Jüdenstrasse 35

The Ackerbürgerhaus, known as the Wendenschloß , at Jüdenstrasse 35, at the corner of Ritterstrasse, was one of the most striking half-timbered houses in Spandau's old town. The exact time it was built is not known, but it is believed to have been around 1700. The origin of the name Wendenschloß is also unknown. Initially built as a residential and farmhouse, it was used as a restaurant from 1888. The listed building became so dilapidated in the 1960s that it had to be demolished in 1966. The Nikolaikirchgemeinde then acquired the property and erected a new building with a half-timbered structure in front of it as a replica of the original building. The Berlin painter Otto Nagel captured the half-timbered house in two of his paintings.

Johanneskirche

Johanneskirche between Jüden- and Carl-Schurz-Straße (after 1875; the tower belongs to the Nikolaikirche)

The Johanneskirche, built around 1670, was located between the northern end of Jüdenstrasse and Carl-Schurz-Strasse. It was the house of worship of the Reformed community in Spandau. Previously, the Great Elector, Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg , had campaigned to open the Moritzkirche to the growing Reformed community; However, the Magistrate of Spandau rejected this. The church was used by the garrison community after 1836, for which it was rebuilt. The church grounds were accessible from Carl-Schurz-Straße (until 1754 Klosterstraße, then until 1939 Potsdamer Straße) and had a wall facing Jüdenstraße. A strip of land between the church and Jüdenstrasse was used as a cemetery for the church at times. The city of Spandau wanted to use the church's property to expand the city schools and acquired it after the construction of the Luther Church and the Garrison Church ; the Johanneskirche was demolished in the winter of 1902/1903. A grammar school , later the Freiherr vom Stein Oberschule , was built on the site . The former churchyard was included in the school yard area.

Renaming and renaming

On September 17, 1938, the National Socialists had the street renamed Kinkelstrasse after the art historian Gottfried Kinkel, as part of the removal of Jewish street names . In 1850 Kinkel was imprisoned in Spandau prison for participating in the German Revolution of 1848/1849 , where he was freed by his friend Carl Schurz . In this context, Potsdamer Strasse , which ran parallel to Jüdenstrasse, was renamed Carl-Schurz-Strasse in 1939 . The Spandau District Office had tried in several attempts to rename the traffic route in Jüdenstrasse: A first proposal by the Spandau FDP to rename Kinkelstrasse in Jüdenstrasse in 1985 met with resistance from Spandau business people and residents. After another attempt in 1993/94, the renaming was decided with the votes of the CDU and SPD , the FDP was not represented in the district office at that time. A good year later, the decision to rename it was withdrawn at the request of the CDU and SPD. During the coalition negotiations between the CDU and FDP in 2001, the renaming of Kinkelstrasse in Jüdenstrasse was included in the joint agreement of both parliamentary groups at the suggestion of the FDP place the rear wording that the FDP had organized it came to scandal , as the speech of the invited chairman of the Jewish community of Berlin , Alexander Brenner, with shouts of "Jews out" and "you have Jesus disturbed crucified!" and the Event had to be canceled.

Memorial plaque and architectural monuments

On the facade of the property at Jüdenstrasse 2 there is a plaque commemorating the renaming in 1938 to Kinkelstrasse.

List of architectural monuments in Jüdenstraße:

  • No. 9, 11, 13, 15: Moritzkaserne residential buildings
  • No. 29: House
  • No. 41: Apartment building, residential building, commercial building as well as residential and commercial building
  • No. 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 51, 53: group of houses and groups of tenants

Web links

Commons : Jüdenstraße  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jüdenstrasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near  Kaupert )
  2. ↑ Joachim Pohl: Page no longer available , search in web archives: The Jewish communities in Spandau from the Middle Ages to emancipation in messages from the Spandau Local History Association , March 2009@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.geschichte-spandau.de
  3. ↑ a b Alois Kaulen, Joachim Pohl: Jews in Spandau: From the Middle Ages to 1945 . Ed .: District Office Berlin Spandau. Edition Hentrich, 1988, ISBN 3-926175-59-1 , pp. 14 .
  4. ↑ a b Otto Kuntzemüller: Documented history of the city and fortress Spandau . 1881.
  5. ↑ a b Anton Krüger: Chronicle of the city and fortress Spandau . 1867.
  6. ^ Günther Jahn: The buildings and art monuments of Berlin, city and district of Spandau . 1971, ISBN 3-7861-4076-6 , pp. 315 ff .
  7. ^ Jürgen Grothe: Spandau before Berlin . In: Berlin reminiscences . tape 52 . Haude & Spener , Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-7759-0217-1 , pp. 49 ff .
  8. ^ Hans-Herbert Möller: The former Moritzkirche in Spandau. In: Yearbook for Brandenburg State History. Volume 15, Berlin 1962, pp. 59-70, here pp. 65f.
  9. ^ Gunther Jahn: The buildings and art monuments of Berlin. City and district of Spandau. Berlin 1971, pp. 187–193, here p. 188.
  10. ^ Gunther Jahn: The buildings and art monuments of Berlin. City and district of Spandau. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1971, p. 150.
  11. ↑ Volkszorn in Jüdenstrasse . In: Die Zeit , No. 47/2002
  12. ^ Rainer W. During: Renaming despite citizen protests - Spandau citizens do not want to have Jüdenstrasse . In: Tagesspiegel
  13. ^ Citizens against Jüdenstrasse . In: Der Tagesspiegel
  14. ^ Sascha Kindermann: Day of renaming: November 1, 2002 . hagalil.com

Entries in the state monument list:

  1. ↑ No. 9, 11, 13, 15: Moritzkaserne residential buildings
  2. ↑ No. 29: House
  3. ↑ No. 41: Apartment building, residential building, commercial building as well as residential and commercial building
  4. ↑ No. 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 51, 53: group of houses and groups of tenants

Coordinates: 52 ° 32 '17.3 "  N , 13 ° 12' 10.2"  E