Caputh Jewish children's and rural school home
The Caputh Jewish children's and rural school home goes back to a reform pedagogical institution founded in Caputh (today part of the Schwielowsee community ) in Brandenburg in 1931 by the pedagogue Gertrud ferienag , which the founder “immediately after the seizure of power accepted the general acceptance of Jewish children and young people “Was changed. Along with the Jüdisches Landschulheim Herrlingen and the Jüdisches Landschulheim Coburg, it is one of the three Jewish Landschulheim existing in Germany in the 1930s .
Founding history
The history of this rural school home is closely connected to the Jewish educator Gertrud Urlaub, who had previously directed the children's rest home of the Zion Lodge UOBB on Norderney for many years . In a report on her work there in 1926, she had expressed the wish “to be able to continue the 'short and leisure time pedagogy' beyond the summer season in a permanent institution”. She fulfilled this wish five years later in Caputh.
With financial support from her brother and thanks to a small inheritance, she was able to acquire the former weekend house and property from a Berlin chocolate manufacturer at Potsdamer Strasse 18 in Caputh ( Lage ).
The house and property offered the best conditions for gardening and sport, especially since the Templiner lake directly opposite was ideal for swimming in summer .
On April 21, 1931, she notified the Potsdam government of the planned opening of a children's country home for education, care and recreation at the beginning of May and at the same time applied for permission to teach the children to be taken into the home. The target group at that time were children with health or educational problems, who should be helped by a longer stay at home. Walk even speaks of a home that was founded for children from broken families. But from the beginning, this target group was obviously located in the Jewish milieu, because in the letter of April 21, 1931, mentioned above, Gertrud Urlaub wrote: “Without wanting to make a denominational demarcation, the children's home should primarily be intended to accept Jewish children Because there is a special need for this in the circles involved. ”At the same time, she had secured support for her project from the Jewish Community of Potsdam and the Central Welfare Office for Jews in Germany .
On May 1, 1931, Gertrud Urlaub opened her country school and children's home in Caputh without formal approval. This did not follow until September 8, 1931 and did not contain the approval for the operation of a private elementary school, since another authority was responsible for this. The fact that this school operation was started in a legal gray area and continued over the years, “would later, after the Nazis seized power, when it came to the urgently needed accommodation and preparation for exile for children of Jewish origin from all over Germany , turn out to be very disastrous and endangering the continued existence of the home. "
At the time of the opening, there were 12 registrations; By the winter of 1932, the number of children in the home rose to around 40. This roughly corresponded to the upper limit aimed at by public holidays. Some of the children continued to attend an external school. As the head of the home school, Gertrud Urlaub hired the pedagogue Fridolin Friedmann.
The home operation also offered the opportunity to train household students.
Educational concept
According to Feidel-Mertz, it was the new and different thing about Gertud Urlaub's conception “that in 1931, as a social pedagogue, she linked her home with a school from the start. Initially, it was a four-class elementary school that worked with 'Montessori material' and 'in the spirit of today's teaching methods'. ”Precisely because public holidays came from social pedagogy, however, their ideas of a rural education home were also emphasized differently:
“When FEIERTAG, on the other hand, speaks of a 'rural education home', she uses a term that is still in use regionally today, which she was familiar with as a social worker from welfare education and meant institutions that at the time usually did not include school care. In this respect - in contrast to the 'classic' rural education home pedagogy - it does not start from deficits in school education but in the home education and assigns its 'Jewish rural education home' a 'task' that has not been fulfilled by any other Jewish home of this kind to date is. ' [..] Their holistic view leads them to this decisive conceptual innovation, which after 1933 is the prerequisite for the children's country home to become a 'country school home' and from 1936 also explicitly a 'Jewish country school home'. "
On the other hand, Fridolin Friedmann, who had already worked at the Odenwald School and the Samson School , which closed in 1928 , came from the Feidel-Mertz “classic rural education home education” . He was responsible for the school work in Caputh and saw an opportunity here to revive the original ideas of the rural education centers - especially after the seizure of power . According to his assessment, published in November 1933, "right now there is a change of attitude among Jewish parents that is bringing a Jewish educational institution of this kind very much closer to the original objective of the rural educational institutions". Joseph Walk summarizes his program based on this as follows:
“Here, too, many children and adolescents who were alien to or alienated from Judaism found themselves in a 'saintly sober' milieu who were shown the way to a religiously liberal and at the same time national Jewish approach and way of life. In addition to systematic language lessons in foreign languages that are important for potential countries of emigration (Hebrew, English, French and, if necessary, Spanish), special emphasis was placed on artistic education in Caputh. "
Friedmann, however, was not concerned with only "considering Jewish material" in class. Rather, he was interested in a modified curriculum in which the material of the state curriculum is expanded to include “the special Jewish educational tasks” and German culture is related to the Jewish one. Using the example of history, this meant for him that the students should recognize "that Jewish history with the history of mankind is an expression of Jewish fate and a reflection of Jewish nature."
On the basis of the need to shift jobs , Friedmann also emphasized the value of practical education through work, gardening or housework. For him, practical upbringing was also a way to experience reality, to deal with the world outside of the country school home. “The Landschulheim already counteracted dangerous isolation by consciously choosing a location near Berlin. The children should no longer grow up in a romantic seclusion and they should directly observe and feel the radiations of political events, the changes in the social structure of German Jewry, in general the decisive changes of the time, since they will by no means become these powerful factors in shaping their future lives be able to switch off. ”This external experience of reality should be strengthened by active participation in internal community life and the thereby enabled getting to know the“ peculiar regularities of a community ”. These can in turn "in a community that what by its very nature, the will has to emphasize the necessary level of what is , to flow. Only in such a balance to form a youth that every inch of ground their future mental and material existence ›sacred‹ will have to fight for it.
Pedagogical principles can sometimes be put to a hard test in everyday school life, and visits by the school supervisory authority are also part of the “external experiences of reality” that flow into school life as “what is ”. So it says in a report of the district school council of December 10, 1936 about the history lessons that it reviewed:
“ In the history class , besides ancient history, the course of German history up to modern times was shown. Questions from the present were dealt with which the Jew must know if he wants to shape his life - first within the German Reich border and later outside it. (Nuremberg Laws, pp.).
Through my own intervention , I convinced myself whether, to what extent, and with what successes and results, historical or political events of the day came to the discussion. I have found that it is happening and that the way it happens is careful .
My overall impression is that the school work is designed as it must be done by foreign races who are granted hospitality . "
The years 1933 to 1938
After the seizure of power , the situation for the school was completely different. Now more and more Jewish parents tried to find a place for their children in a Jewish institution, and in Caputh the number of children and young people soon rose to 80 to 90. The teachers required for this were recruited by Holiday and Friedmann from the crowd of teachers who had lost their jobs in the state school system as a result of the law to restore the civil service . As was the case with the student body, the following also applied to the teaching staff: there was great fluctuation. The reason for this was less often the change to another school, but often the departure into emigration.
The care allowances and the parents' school fees formed the basis for financing the home. In addition, there was support from Jewish welfare and care offices as well as grants from Jewish associations. Often, however, the costs of individual children also had to be financed if their parents were unable to make the necessary payments. Another problem was the increasing space requirement. In the course of time, up to eight other properties and buildings were rented, including a summer house belonging to Albert Einstein .
In 1935 it emerged that there had been no approval for the operation of a private elementary school (see above). An application for subsequent approval was supported by the responsible district school board, as this wanted to prevent Jewish children from attending the Protestant school in Caputh. The district administrator, on the other hand, wanted the entire home away. The matter initially remained in the balance, but on March 1, 1936, Ferienag and Friedmann pressed for a decision, as they expected more children for their facility for the new school year beginning at Easter. Of all things, the passing of the Nuremberg Laws led to a positive clarification. Since this also stipulated that Jewish children should only be taught in special schools, the National Socialist logic dictated that a private school for Jewish children should be approved. On June 16, 1936, the decision was issued for the subsequent approval of the school, "in which only non-Aryan children may be educated".
Regardless of this, the school home was also exposed to anti-Jewish hostility, which was directed against both the children and the buildings. One attack occurred in May 1934, another on February 19, 1936. Fortunately, in both cases only property damage occurred, and Gertrud Urlaub was brave enough to demand that the authorities prosecute the perpetrators. In vain, as it turned out, because the acts were dismissed as an expression of the justified popular anger against the institution in Caputh, which was defamed as a "Jewish home" and not pursued further. Also at the beginning of 1936, all residents had to be smuggled out to Berlin in the course of an hour: “The leader had been informed by her well-meaning Aryan employee in good time before a planned attack by the Hitler Youth, who were meeting in neighboring Potsdam. Fortunately, it was just a threat, so that the next day the lesson could continue undisturbed. "
Despite all anti-Semitic attacks, the Nazis also tried to use the Caputh school home for propaganda purposes. On the occasion of the 1936 Summer Olympics , the facility was “presented to Japanese visitors by the rulers as an example of autonomous Jewish education in the Third Reich.” In 1937, the teacher Karl Kindermann was allowed to visit Athens with a selected group of students at the invitation of the Greek King.
Also in 1937 Fridolin Friedmann left the Caputh school home and went to the Jewish secondary school in Berlin . Ernst Ising was his successor as headmaster . He was faced with increasing pressure on the country school home as well as an aggravating situation. It is all the more remarkable that both he and Gertrud Urlaub made repeated attempts to wrest relief and concessions from the authorities. Refusals and rejections followed immediately: the state had no reason to sponsor such institutions, the applications made were presumptuous, and so on.
The end of the country school home
Despite all the reprisals to which the Landschulheim was exposed from the outside, “students and teachers described their stay in Caputh as a life in 'paradise', surrounded by an 'aura of beauty and happiness'”. The end came with the November pogroms in 1938 . Youngsters incited by local Nazis, including teachers, set out to expel the Jews living in the Landschulheim. They were supported by SA men who set out to devastate the facilities of the houses occupied by the rural school home. “The residents of the home only had a few minutes to look for a little and leave Caputh - for many of them forever. Long before this November day, Gertrud Urlaub, Ernst Ising and all the other teachers and educators had expected their expulsion from this small (sham) paradise in the midst of an atmosphere that was becoming colder and contaminated by the anti-Semitism of the German ›master race‹. "
The teachers accompanied the children in small groups to Berlin on November 10th and temporarily housed them in private apartments. In the period that followed, Gertrud Urlaub, teachers and parents tried again and again to save things from Caputh. Gertrud Urlaub even tried to negotiate with the authorities about claims for damages and filed a complaint about the looting, in which residents of Caputh had also participated. As expected, the investigation came to nothing.
On November 15, 1938, Ernst Ising had informed the district school council that the school home had been closed since November 11. Feidel-Mertz and Paetz leave it open as to whether this was done in consultation with Gertrud Urlaub, because when she wrote a few days later to request an appointment with the authorities to negotiate again about the country school home and its future, she received no answer . The district school council and the Potsdam government agreed that with Ising's letter the question had been dealt with by itself.
Since Jewish children were no longer allowed to attend a state school, the “Reich and Prussian Minister for Science, Education and Public Education” was forced to issue a decree on November 15, 1938, stating “that the previous school facilities were for Jews to be maintained until further notice ”. This also forced the authorities in Potsdam to deal again with the Caputh school home and its former director, who now lived in Berlin. But Gertrud public holiday could no longer. In a letter dated February 26, 1939, she informed the district school council: “In response to an inquiry, I inform you that I am not in a position to reopen the Caputh Jewish rural school. School lessons are therefore not expected to be resumed either. "
Gertrud Urlaub's house in Caputh became the property of the city of Berlin in 1940 and was used by the district mayor of Zehlendorf to set up the Caputh educational home there, in which difficult-to-educate and psychopathic girls were housed and educated. On November 8th, 2008, the main building of the former Jewish school center in Caputh was named Jugendhilfezentrum Gertrud Urlaub in honor of its founder . On March 10, 2009, a stumbling block for Gertrud Urlaub was laid in front of the entrance . The Gertrud Holiday Way is also near the home .
The student body of the country school home
In Caputh the children who came from the assimilated Jewish bourgeoisie of Berlin predominated. For many of them, however, there was no secure family framework, which is why the school home had to take on the social function of a family for them. "Parents are in the process of professional and social change, families are preparing to emigrate, children should be brought up in a milieu that is as close to Jewish as possible - all of these are new motives that give rise to young people outside the family and them therefore to provide the opportunity to live in a youth community for a shorter or longer period. "
This initial family situation caused a high fluctuation within the student body, but also their rapid growth from 1933.
| year | Children 1 | Teacher | Grades 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| male | Female | Elementary level | Upper school | ||
| 1931 | 12 (2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1932 | 40 | 1 | 2 | ||
| 1933 | 31 | 2 | 2 | ||
| 1934 | 63 | 3 | 3 | 4th | 3 |
| 1935 (January) | 88 (7) | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th |
| 1935 (April) | 72 (8) | 3 | 2 | 4th | 5 |
| 1936 | 88 (11) | 2 | 6th | 4th | 6th |
| 1938 | 94 | 5 | 7th | 4th | 6th |
The development of the number of pupils and the peak two months before the pogrom night, as shown in the table, “cannot be interpreted solely as a movement of people fleeing the Reich capital. Up until 1934, the majority of the children came from Berlin, and from 1935 onwards a third came from 24 other cities. The age structure had also shifted in favor of the older pupils, so that the school management sought recognition as a fully developed middle school with the right to issue certificates for middle school. Although the reason that a diploma was important for certain professions abroad was sound, the application came far too late. In 1938 the Ministry of Education no longer intended to go beyond the mere tolerance principle. "
Teachers and other staff
“The teachers and the caretakers / house mothers changed very often in the Caputher facility. Few of them stayed for a long time. Just as Caputh was not just a school for many of the children, but also the place of preparation for emigration, so the home and school were also a stopover for the adults on the escape from fascist barbarism. ”As a holiday only for Gertrud Feidel-Mertz and Paetz suspect that the entry in the memorial book for the victims of the Holocaust was “that the majority of the employees of the Jewish rural school and children's home in Caputh managed to flee abroad”. Attention should be drawn to or reference made to some of them below.
- The siblings Friedel and Robert Alt only taught in Caputh for a short time in 1933. Robert came from the Karl-Marx-Schule (Berlin-Neukölln) , which he had to leave due to the law on civil servants (BBG) . He later became an educational scientist and university teacher in the GDR and was a member of the Central Committee (ZK) of the SED from 1954 to 1958 .
- Alice Bergel
- Louise Bernays was the first teacher to hire Gertrud Urlaub in 1931; but she probably left Caputh again in 1932.
- Hilde Blumenfeld (born August 21, 1909 in Hanau ) attended the Pedagogical Academy in Frankfurt am Main from 1929 to 1931 and passed the first examination for teaching at elementary schools at the end of April 1931. In a written work she had dealt with the Buckau experimental school in Magdeburg-Buckau .
Feidel-Mertz and Paetz suggest that Hilde Blumenfeld emigrated to Norway at some point afterwards, because they write: “In October 1933 she started working in Caputh at the special request of Gertrud Urlaub, whom she had asked to return from exile in Oslo . “Where the acquaintance between Blumenfeld and the holiday came from is not reported.
However, Hilde Blumenfeld only stayed in Caputh until April 1934 and taught Jewish religion and music primarily at the elementary level. Her brief guest performance in Caputh was followed by teaching and advisory activities at the Jewish Girls' School on Auguststrasse in Berlin before she emigrated to Palestine in 1936 .
Blumenfeld, who later was called Naomi Schattner, completed training for immigrant to Palestine educators and worked in that of Beate Berger of Berlin in the near Haifa laid Beith Ahawah , the well-known already in Berlin under that name children's home in the August 14-16 .
In Jerusalem, where she later lived and worked as an educator and teacher, she also trained as a psychotherapist. - Eva and Rudi Bruch. In the short biographies published by Joseph Walk on the history of the Jews 1918–1945 they only appear rudimentary:
- Brook, Eva (Bruch: wife of Rudi Brook). Gymnastics teacher, drawing teacher.
Teacher in the children's rest home of the Zion Lodge UOBB on Norderney and in the Caputh school home; at the same time training in the jew. Kindergarten teachers. Berlin; In 1938 she moved to the USA with her husband. [..] - Brook, Rudi (Bruch). Jurist. In the school administration of the jew. Landschulheims Caputh; 1938 exp. To the USA.
This information is not incorrect, but it is very shortened.- Eva Bruch was born Eva Eger on September 28, 1906 in Magdeburg, where she studied at the arts and crafts school before she trained as a high school teacher and kindergarten teacher in Berlin. She knew Gertrud Urlaub from her work in the
- Brook, Eva (Bruch: wife of Rudi Brook). Gymnastics teacher, drawing teacher.
- The information about Rudi Bruch is even more sparse: “Lawyer. Worked in the office in Caputh and took part in community life. In Kristinehov he successfully practiced the Midsummer Night's Dream with the children. Later lived with his wife (Eva Bruch) in Los Angeles. ”In her earlier publication, Feidel-Mertz had introduced him as a“ horticultural teacher and singing genius ”for his time in Kristinehov, who worked as a gardener after emigrating to Los Angeles and then became self-employed have made.
In 2015 the book Chasing Spring was published in the USA . Chapter 8 contains some details about Rudi Brooks life in the USA from the memory of Ernest Wertheimer (born December 30, 1919 in Berlin). He is presented there as a gardener and refugee from Germany who was a judge. It was impossible for him to work as a lawyer in California because he would have had to do another training that would have given him access to the American legal system. That's why he decided to take care of the landscape. His business partner was another Jewish refugee, Fred Odenheimer, and on Sundays German friends regularly met for coffee at Eva and Rudi Brooks' house in the Hollywood mountains .
From June 25, 1932 to September 20, 1932, she worked in Norderney as the director of the children's rest home of the Zion Lodge UOBB. Here she worked with Ekkehart Pfannenstiel (1896–1986) and studied the fairy tale The Frog King as a singing game with children . Pfannenstiel, who published an article on youth music and the völkisch movement in early 1933 and became a music lecturer at the Educational Academy of the Adolf Hitler School in Sonthofen in 1942, attested her: “Eva Landsberger was one of our most zealous helpers with the 'Rumpelstiltskin' and provided the proof with the game of 'Froschkönig' that this way of getting children to singing games is not tied to certain teachers and educators, to certain children and to certain situations. ”
Ingeborg Pauluhn claims with reference to the Norderney City Archives, that Eva Landsberger went traveling after this first stay in Norderney and returned from Berlin-Charlottenburg on June 1, 1933, to work again as a youth leader in the home. From the same year, probably from autumn, she worked as a music and drawing teacher in Caputh after Feidel-Mertz. In 1935 she went to a school in Italy and from there returned to Caputh. She married Sophie Friedländer's brother, the doctor Walter Friedländer. The two emigrated to the Soviet Union in 1936, where Walter Friedländer worked as a doctor in the internal department of the hospital in Magnitogorsk . In 1937 he was arrested and in 1938 the couple were expelled. In Wladislaw Hedeler's chronicle of the Moscow show trials , the entry can be found under the date May 16, 1938: “Eva Friedländer is writing to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to prevent her husband Walter Friedländer from being expatriated to Germany.” How justified Eva is this concern Friedländer describes her sister-in-law using the example of her two brothers Ernst and Walter who emigrated to the Soviet Union (the third, Hans, was able to leave Leningrad with his wife in 1935 and emigrate to Palestine). “My oldest brother Walter happily worked as a doctor, his wife as a violin teacher in Magnetogorsk (1936–1938), my youngest brother Ernst as an electrical engineer (1932–1937) in Leningrad, when we heard nothing from them for months in 1937, except that Ernst was about his His brother's vacation had still not arrived. Both were arrested and jailed many miles apart.
It was the irony of fate that both of them were released with the help of the German Foreign Office with which our father had got in touch. Walter with free transport, but only as far as the Russian-Polish border, from where - with the help of an uncle who was not yet deported at the time - he fled in Warsaw across the border to Prague, which was not yet occupied.
Ernst, on the other hand, was brought from Leningrad to Stettin by ship with other Germans. In a telegram he stoically announced his departure from Leningrad. Our parents were waiting for him at the Szczecin train station. A group of men came through the barrier. Yes, they came from Russia. But Ernst wasn't there. He was immediately arrested as a Jew from the ship and taken to the Stettin prison. ”
Ernst Friedländer was finally released and was able to emigrate to Palestine via London. After a stopover in Prague in 1939, Eva and Walter Friedländer, who had also received an immigration certificate, also went there. Walter was able to work as a doctor there again, and Eva gave music lessons until her death.
memories
- Sophie Friedländer recalls a special honor from 1970 : “The gift of a sailing boat to a kibbutz in Israel, donated by former Caputhers from all over the world on the birthday that would have been their 80th, is intended to express our gratitude for the 'soul of Caputh ' receive."
- Today a children's home is housed in the former Jewish children's and rural school home, which was named after Anne Frank in 1986 . In November 2008, in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the pogroms of 1938, the social institution was renamed the Gertrud Urlaub youth welfare center .
- In Caputh a street was named after Gertrud Urlaub.
- In 2009, a stumbling block was placed in the Potsdamer Straße in Caputh, at the entrance to the youth welfare center, to commemorate the Gertrud holiday.
- On March 1, 2018, an exhibition about the Caputh school home designed by students from the Humboldt Gymnasium under the title “REMEMBERING REMEMBER” opened in Potsdam. 28 exhibition boards tell its story from different perspectives. This exhibition is also a reminder about an earlier exhibition that has disappeared: “The pupils wanted and want to present their research project in a sustainable and permanent manner and, above all, secure it. So that nothing can disappear again. Because in the mid-1990s there was already a similar exhibition by students from the college. It was only stored in the basement of the FH and one day simply disappeared under unexplained circumstances, says Hans Dieter Rusch. He was involved in the research at the time and even made a short film about it. Many original recordings, however, were lost. 'There was the exhibition itself, but also a number of tapes with interviews with contemporary witnesses - but no archive, no museum wanted it. Nobody felt responsible for something like that. ' This way of dealing with history frustrates him. [..] In Caputh and the community of Schwielowsee, however, the subject is still difficult, says Rutsch. Only after long persuasion was it possible to persuade the CDU mayor to do an interview. But then Kerstin Hoppe praised the students for their courage to tackle the topic. And said: 'Something that has been repressed will catch up with you at some point.' [..] Few people in the village know what happened there on November 10th, 1938: That Nazis incited the children of the local school and under the slogan 'It's so far, today we chase the Jews out!' stormed the home with them, devastated everything, chased the children into the forest. There are also reports from contemporary witnesses who participated here and from the displaced. And there are still families in Caputh whose ancestors were involved. It is an uncomfortable topic and people find it difficult to talk about it or they ignore it completely, so Rutsch's impression. Sometimes he has the feeling that the unspoken is still there: In many a house or attic there could still be things, furniture or toys that were taken from the home during the looting. "
swell
- Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: A lost paradise. The Jüdische Kinder-Landschulheim Caputh 1931-1939 , dipa-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1994, ISBN 3-7638-0184-7 . This book not only contains a description of the history of the Caputher Landschulheim and its educational work, but also brings together a large number of documents about the history of essays and memories of former employees.
- The book was published in 2008 under the title Das Jüdische Kinder- und Landschulheim Caputh (1931–1938). A revised new edition published a lost paradise : Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn, ISBN 978-3-7815-1648-9
literature
- Manfred Berger: "An island of love, humanity and spiritual effort". Research on the Jewish country school and children's home (country education home) in Caputh near Potsdam, in: Zeitschrift für Erlebnispädagogik 2000 / H. 2
- Ders .: Gertrude holiday. A pioneer of modern experiential education. Lueneburg 2003.
- Ders .: Oasis in the desert. Gertrud Ferien and ih Children's and Country Home in Caput, in: Berlin aktuell 2000 / No. 66
- Ders .: Leading women in social responsibility, in: Christ und Bildung 2001 / H. 7th
- Joseph Walk: Jewish School and Education in the Third Reich , Verlag Anton Hain Meisenheim GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, 1991, ISBN 3-445-09930-8 .
- Hildegard Feidel-Mertz : Jewish country school homes in National Socialist Germany. A repressed chapter of German school history. Version updated by Hermann Schnorbach in: Inge Hansen-Schaberg : Landerziehungsheim-Pädagogik. (= Reform pedagogical school concepts. Volume 2). Schneider Verlag Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2012, ISBN 978-3-8340-0962-3 .
- Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (Hrsg.): Schools in exile. The repressed pedagogy after 1933. rororo, Reinbek, 1983, ISBN 3-499-17789-7 .
- Jörg H. Fehrs: From Heidereutergasse to Roseneck. Jewish Schools in Berlin 1712–1942 , Edition Hentrich Berlin, 1993, ISBN 3-89468-075-X .
- Sophie Friedländer / Hilde Jarecki: Sophie & Hilde. A life together in friendship and work. A twin book , edited by Bruno Schonig, Edition Hentrich, Berlin, 1996, ISBN 978-3-89468-229-3 .
- Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: “With an eye for the big picture”. The social pedagogue Gertrud ferienag (1890-1943). In: Inge Hansen-Schaberg and Christian Ritzi (eds.): Paths of pedagogues before and after 1933 , Schneider Verlag Hohengehren GmbH, Baltmannsweiler, 2004, ISBN 3-89676-768-2 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Joseph Walk: Jewish School and Education in the Third Reich , pp. 164–165
- ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: Jewish country school homes in National Socialist Germany
- ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: “With an eye for the whole” , p. 22
- ↑ a b c d Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: A lost paradise , pp. 34–37
- ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: “With an eye for the whole” , p. 23
- ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: “With an eye for the whole” , p. 24
- ↑ a b c d Dr. Fridolin Friedmann: Landschulheim Caputh , Jüdische Rundschau of November 10, 1933, printed by Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: Ein Lost Paradies , pp. 142–145
- ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: A lost paradise , pp. 70–71
- ↑ a b c d Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: A lost paradise , pp. 37–47
- ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz; Andreas Paetz: Ein Lost Paradies , p. 21. Unfortunately, the authors express themselves imprecisely and speak elsewhere (p. 332) of the private Reform Realgymnasium in Berlin . At the time of Friedmann's move there was actually the Oberschule of the Jewish Community in Berlin , which had been newly founded and approved in Marchstrasse in 1936 and worked according to the curriculum of a reform high school . (Jörg H. Fehrs: Von der Heidereutergasse to Roseneck pp. 277–278). There are no indications of the reasons for Friedmann's change, but on weekends he remained connected to the country school home as a teacher.
- ↑ a b c d e Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: A lost paradise , pp. 48–55
- ↑ Decree of 15 November 1938, quoted from Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: Ein Lost Paradies , p. 53
- ↑ Remarkable dates from the Caputher story
- ↑ homepage of J Hz Gertrud holiday
- ↑ A comprehensive directory of the students of the country school home can be found in Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: Ein Lost Paradies , pp. 338–331. Exemplary résumés of three students (Mariana Israel [Palenker], Ernst Reich and Ursula Zippert [Döring]) can be found on pages 121–133.
- ↑ Max Nathan, in Jüdische Rundschau, February 13, 1934 (No. 13), quoted from: Jörg H. Fehrs: Von der Heidereutergasse zum Roseneck , p. 255
- ↑ The following figures come from Jörg H. Fehrs: Von der Heidereutergasse zum Roseneck , p. 256. Its source was the Brandenburg State Main Archive in Potsdam: BLHA, Rep. 2 A Reg. Potsdam II Z No. 555.
- ↑ Jörg H. Fehrs: Von der Heidereutergasse zum Roseneck , p. 256
- ↑ a b c d e f Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: A lost paradise , pp. 327–337
- ↑ Unless other sources are named, all information comes from Feidel-Mertz and Paetz, pp. 327–337
- ↑ CHRONICLE OF THE SCHOOLS IN BUCKAU
- ↑ Joseph Walk (ed.): Short biographies on the history of the Jews 1918–1945. Edited by the Leo Baeck Institute, Jerusalem. Saur, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-598-10477-4 , p. 48.
- ↑ The time informationb is imprecise. While Feidel-Mertz speaks in her book Schule im Exil about the fact that the two went to Sweden in 1937 (Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (Ed.): Schools in Exil. The Repressed Pedagogy after 1933. rororo, Reinbek, 1983, ISBN 3- 499-17789-7 , p. 234), she and her co-author Paetz in their book Ein Lost Paradies (p. 329) name June 22, 1938 as the date on which the Bruch succeeded in emigrating to Sweden.
- ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (Ed.): Schools in Exile. Repressed pedagogy after 1933 . rororo, Reinbek, 1983, ISBN 3-499-17789-7 , p. 105 & p. 234
- ^ Ernest Wertheim with Linda Hamilton: Chasing Spring , ISBN 978-1-4834-1408-9
- ↑ More on Ernest Wertheim: Ernest Wertheim & The firm of Wertheim, van der Ploeg, & Klemeyer
- ↑ Chasing Spring at Google Books
- ^ Gerda Epstein in the 1940 Census
- ^ Inge Hansen-Scharberg: Obituary for Sophie Friedländer. In: New newsletter from the Society for Exile Research e. V. , No. 27, June 2006, ISSN 0946-1957
-
↑ The biographical data on Eva Landsberger come from two sources:
* Ingeborg Pauluhn: Jüdische Migrantinnen und Migranten im Seebad Norderney 1893-1938. With special consideration of the children's recovery home UOBB. Zion Lodge XV. No. 360 Hanover and Jewish businesses. IGEL Verlag Literatur & Wissenschaft, Hamburg, 2011, ISBN 978-3-86815-541-9 , p. 91.
* Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: A lost paradise , p. 327–337 - ^ Former Jewish children's home of the Jewish community in Berlin
- ^ On Pfannenstiel's essay: People in Becoming , Issue 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1933), 1st year (1933), pp. 44–51 . About his teaching activities : Pfannenstiel, Ekkehard ( 1896-1986 ) & Barbara Boock: Children's song books 1770-2000. An annotated, illustrated bibliography. Waxmann, Münster / New York / Munich / Berlin, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8309-1819-6 , p. 31 ff.
- ↑ Ekkehart Pfannenstiel: Singing and impromptu play with children , Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, 1932, ISBN 978-3-663-04050-7 , p. 59. On page 32 ff. There is a report by Eva Landsberger about her the children rehearsed performance of the fairy tale The Frog King as a Singspiel.
- ^ Institute for the History of Medicine and Ethics in Medicine at the Charité Berlin: Walter Friedländer
- ↑ Wladislaw Hedeler: Chronicle of the Moscow Show Trials in 1936, 1937 and 1938. Planning, staging and effect. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 2003, ISBN 3-05-003869-1 , p. 413
- ^ Sophie Friedländer / Hilde Jarecki: Sophie & Hilde , pp. 49–50
- ^ Sophie Friedländer: Memories of a Lost Paradise. The Jüdisches Landschulheim Caputh 1933-1938, in: Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (Ed.): Schools in Exile , p. 51
- ↑ The youth welfare center "Gertrud Ferien" at Social Aid in Berlin and Brandenburg
- ↑ T. Lähns: Stolperstein for Gertrud vacation main committee for memorial plaque in Caputh in Potsdamer Latest news of December 5, 2008
- ↑ Steffi Pyanoe: REMEMBER THE REMEMBER. Inconvenient Past , Potsdam Latest News, February 28, 2018