Martha Friedländer

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Martha Friedländer (born September 8, 1896 in Guben ; † May 19, 1978 in Bremen ) was a German educator in the tradition of reform education , an emigrant and peace activist who was committed to building a democratic Germany after 1945.

Training and first professional activities

Martha Friedländer was the daughter of deaf parents. In 1917 she completed her teacher training in Görlitz with a teaching examination, which entitles her to teach at high schools, secondary schools and elementary schools. In 1919 she got her permanent position as a primary school teacher. She then studied speech medicine and lip reading at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Berlin and at the Berlin Charité and acquired the qualification to teach language therapy schools and schools for the hard of hearing as well as to treat speech and voice disorders.

Until 1927 Martha Friedländer taught with interruptions, partly because of unemployment, as an assistant teacher in Görlitz. From 1927 to 1932 she was able to set up and lead a municipal language healing class for school beginners. From 1930 to 1932 she also directed a preschool language therapy course. When the speech therapy classes were closed in 1932, she was transferred to a normal state school, but she continued to give private lessons for speech-impaired and hard of hearing children.

Martha Friedländer became known through radio lectures about the child with language disorders during the parenting lesson of the Central Institute for Education and Teaching . As a member of the Working Group for Speech Therapy , she took part in the activities of the International Society for Speech Therapy and Phoniatry (IALP) founded by Emil Fröschels in 1924 .

In October 1933 Martha Friedländer was dismissed from the state school service “because of non-Aryan descent”. The basis was the National Socialist Law on the Restoration of the Civil Service of April 7, 1933.

Between 1933 and the end of World War II

In addition to her professional activities, Martha Friedländer was also politically active. She was a member of the International Socialist Fighting League (ISK) founded by Leonard Nelson in 1926 and, since 1931, also in the ISK sub-organizations of the Socialist Teachers' Fighting League and later in the Independent Socialist Trade Union Organization (USG) . The contacts made in this political environment accompanied Martha Friedländer through the Nazi era and the emigration and were continued in the collaboration with Minna Specht on the publication of Kinderöte after the Second World War.

Martha Friedlander next career stop was the 1931 by Gertrud Holiday founded Jewish children and Landschulheim Caputh in Potsdam . She taught here for eighteen months from 1934–35. Nothing is known about the reason for her resignation, but in 1936 she emigrated to Denmark after a warning from comrades that the Gestapo was looking for her. Until 1937 she taught at the Östrupgaard manor near Odense on Fyn , the Danish exile of the Walkemühle educational home founded by Minna Specht . Neither their time in Caputh nor the time in Östrupgaard are any further information, but under the conditions at the time, existing Jewish schools in the German Reich or exile schools in countries bordering Germany were often only intermediate stops on the way to a country of exile such as England, which was considered safer or the USA.

At the time of Martha Friedlander departure of Östrupgaard, but consideration should also be there already existed for a departure from Denmark, since 1937, for the new beginning Walke mill in the UK already taken concrete steps, but in Wales . Martha Friedländer emigrated to England, but did not go to Wales, but stayed in Kent and taught for a year at the boarding school "Carmelcourt" in Birchington-on-Sea . Camelcourt was the country estate of Herbert Bentwich , who chose this name for his property in reference to Mount Carmel . His daughter Naomi, sister of Norman Bentwich and married Birnberg, founded a school here in 1936: “In 1936, now the mother of two young boys, she became aware of her ambition to teach and started her childhood holiday home in Birchington, near the North Kent coast, the Carmelcourt School, a vegetarian primary school. School leavers remember Naomi as an eccentric, but inspiring teacher, who gave eurythmy lessons barefoot in the garden or read passages from Mein Kampf to the children under an apple tree 'to better understand the enemy' . "

Martha Friedländer does not seem to have bothered Naomi Birnberg's eccentricity, because she remained closely connected to her throughout her entire time in exile, as a letter to Werner Milch dated June 1, 1946 shows: “My address from Tuesday is: c / o Mrs. Bentwich -Birnberg, Carmelcourt, Birchington, Kent. “It was probably Martha Friedländer's farewell visit to Naomi Birnberg, because on August 27, 1946 Martha Friedländer left England and moved to Bremen.

Carmel Court apparently also played a role in Minna Specht's considerations for a place of exile in Denmark before she decided on the more proletarian milieu in Wales: “Minna Specht temporarily thought of joining a Jewish school in England, where Hedwig Urbann and Martha Friedländer worked for a while. ”Like Martha Friedländer, Hedwig Urbann was a long-time ISK member. In Landerziehungsheim Walke mill she worked as a cook and housekeeper. Martha Friedländer's application for admission to English training as a "teacher of lip-reading" was rejected by the Institute for the Deaf because she was a foreigner. She volunteered in the language clinic at London Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street, and in the lip reading classes at the National Institute for the Deaf , Gower Street. To make a living she worked for room and board and £ 1 a week in the house. 1942-1944 she worked as an educator in Wartime Nurseries (war kindergartens) of the County Council Hertfordshire and from 1944 as a teacher at an infant school in London, Leyton E10. On January 13, 1946, she informed Werner Milch that she would finish her work there on February 1, 1946.

In London in 1943 Fritz Borinski , Minna Specht and Werner Milch, together with English friends, founded the German Educational Reconstruction Committee (GER) in order to work out proposals for the reorganization of education in post-war Germany. Martha Friedländer actively participated in the work of the GER even after the end of the war. As her letters to Werner Milch archived in the IoE Library in London show (see "Sources"), she has been actively involved in the editorial and practical work for the publication of the GER-designed reading sheets since 1944 . These reading sheets were excerpts and retellings of classical and modern literature for teaching in post-war Germany.

On July 22, 1945 Martha Friedländer informed Werner Milch and his wife that after a long period of hesitation she had decided "to go back to special school work, for which there will be a great need in D. [Germany]". The letter was accompanied by an application that was not included in the documents, which she had written on the advice of Minna Specht and which was obviously intended to be placed on the GER list of suitable persons for the return to Germany . Her registration for a “short course for teachers”, which she submitted to the Milchs in mid-November 1945, was probably related to this.

In a letter dated January 13, 1946, Martha Friedländer let the “dear Milchs” know that she had written an essay for a German newspaper and suggested that it should also be published in the GER “Mitteilungsbl Blätter”. Unfortunately, she does not mention the title of her essay or the name of the German newspaper. However, the letter also contains an addition that provides information about her further plans: "By the way, you should also know that I will be leaving school on February 1st, so that I can still learn a lot here in the country over the next few months." On March 21, 1946, she informed Milch that she would start her preparatory work for speech therapy on April 1 and would like to finish the work on the reading sheet beforehand. As the letters in the IoE archive show, she also took care of the publication of the reading sheets in the post-war period, now from Bremen .

In the middle to the end of May 1946 she wrote again to Werner Milch, initially revealing concrete plans for her future work in Germany: “My cause in Bremen now seems to be moving forward after what Grete wrote. I heard again from my colleague in Hamburg. He writes about the importance of someone in Bremen taking on the work with which they are connected; the work was orphaned after the headmaster's death. Incidentally, he also wrote that Bremen was now part of the British zone. "

August 27, 1946 is the day of Martha Friedländer's departure from exile in England.

Return to Germany

As already indicated in Martha Friedländer's letters to Werner Milch, quoted earlier, she chose Bremen as her new place of work after her exile. In the period after World War II, the city was “the state that largely implemented the ideas of the US educational planners for the reorganization of the German school system,” and Martha Friedländer, like several other former ISK members, played an important role in this .

Martha Friedländer taught from September 1946 in Bremen at the school for the hard of hearing and speech therapy; in November 1947 she was given the management of the school. She reformed the teaching, trained educators and teachers, attended congresses in Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, England, Denmark and Sweden in order to re-establish the broken contacts with foreign language schools. In an essay from 1960 she quotes Minna Specht: “Among the manifold goals that have always been set for upbringing, today all progressive educators focus on two tasks: the right of the child to develop his or her physical fitness , intellectual and spiritual powers and the requirement of the demorkratic society to train people who, as future citizens, support the political measures with their convictions and willingness to act. ”This quote defines the framework for their commitment to hearing-impaired children. Based on the work of Alexander William Gordon Ewing and Irena Rosetta Ewing from Machester and the still young science of pedoaudiology , she fought for an “early diagnosis and early education of deaf and hearing impaired children” in order to give them the same opportunities in life as other children. Her role models were English and Scandinavian counseling institutions for hearing impaired children and their parents, as well as the first institutions that were established in Germany in the late 1950s, such as the Center for Parents of Hearing Impaired Children in Heidelberg, headed by Armin Löwe . She insisted on the right to education for the hearing-impaired child and was certain: "Recent advances in science and technology enable a much larger number of hearing-impaired children to develop their powers."

Martha Friedländer's new start in Bremen was not easy, as the quote from a letter of April 27, 1947 to Werner Milch shows: “Sometimes I also wish to be able to go to L. [ondon] again this year. But there is a conflict of feelings in me, because on the other hand I want to root even more here again. With a lot of work I notice that in addition to the advantage of being outside there is also the disadvantage of starting over. ”Parallel to this feeling of uprooting and the effort to overcome it, there is the fight against the hardship that stresses daily work. Paper is in short supply, as is books, and the essential utensils for teaching are missing. And only a few days later, on May 5, 1947, she wrote: “Bremen is very far removed from many things that appear. It is also still like Minna [Specht] wrote to us after her visit 15 months ago, no place or country knows much about what is happening anywhere else. ”Martha Friedländer's attention was not only focused on hearing impaired children and their parents during this time. She continued to campaign for the reading arches , sought support for them from political bodies and was involved in license and production negotiations with publishers. At the same time, she was piqued by a speech by Sydney H. Wood , which was reproduced in the Times , in which the latter spoke of "90 reading sheets being prepared". She thought that was a huge exaggeration. How many reading sheets were actually created must remain open.

Another focus of Martha Friedländer's work was the series “ Kinderöte ” published by her and Minna Specht. With these educational booklets, they wanted to give parents help in raising children. The plight of children was a counterbalance to the authoritarian notions of upbringing that had survived the Nazi regime. They rely on “an education based on love and self-esteem. It was published under the banner of Anglo-American re-education by reform pedagogues from Bremen such as Marianne Lebek , Martha Friedländer and Eva Seligmann ”.

"In the individual, on average around twelve-page booklet, an author dedicates one author to a topic: In booklet 2, for example, the question is 'Why does my child stutter'?" (Friedländer 1950), in volume 16 it is examined whether the corporal punishment achieves its purpose (Burger 1951), volume 26 asks 'Where does fear come from' (HE Richter 1954) and in volume 13 it is compiled 'What children see from adults' (Dietrich 1951). Important developmental aspects such as learning to speak and read are also discussed (section 10: Bang 1956; section 25: Mottier 1954) or the importance of play (section 33: Dietrich 1956). Booklets 31 and 41 discuss how children of working mothers fare (Pausewang 1956, 1957). The thematic booklet 'Rowdys und Tugendbolde' examines the causes behind the behavior of such 'problem children' (H. 34: Bang 1956) - as far as an exemplary information on the range of topics of 'child torture', which extends over different ages and areas of life of children and adolescents . Altogether, between 1949 and 1958, the 'Verlag Public Life Frankfurt' published 42 booklets, which came on the market in 1950/51, 1955 and 1958 as anthologies with 14 articles each. "

In addition to the two editors, the 32 authors who wrote articles for Kinderöte were educational counselors , doctors, psychologists and (curative) pedagogues, such as Ruth Bang, Annette Baudert, Elisabeth Burger, Theo Dietrich, Maria Guggemos, Rudolf Haarstrick , Grete Mottier, Natalie Oettli, Elfriede Pausewang, Horst Eberhard Richter , Eva Seligmann , Kurt Seelmann , Gerdhild von Staabs and Elfried Wietrzychowski-Hertel. But also the publisher Public Life , in which the child distress was published, is interesting . Most of its authors came from the ISK, not least its director, Hanna Bertholet, née Grust, and after her first marriage Hanna Fortmüller (born January 24, 1901 in Hanover - † July 14, 1970 in Brazil). She was an IJB and ISK member, a student in the adult department of the Walkemühle Landerziehungsheim and worked on the publishing management of the ISK organ Der Funke . In exile, she lived in France and Switzerland, where she worked politically and in helping victims of fascism. In 1946 she returned to Germany and became the director of the publishing houses for Public Life and the European Publishing House .

After the end of the Second World War, the ISK dissolved in December 1945. Some of the ISK members, including Martha Friedländer, joined the SPD . This was preceded by corresponding negotiations between the head of the ISK, Willi Eichler , and Kurt Schumacher for the SPD. Martha Friedländer became active in the education and science union (GEW) and worked in the workers' welfare organization (AWO). She joined the Society for Mental Health in Early Childhood at the German branch of the World Association for Infant Mental Health . Her role models were Elisabeth Rotten - a reform pedagogue and peace activist who co-founded the German League for Human Rights and, together with Jean Piaget, the Swiss Montessori Society - and Mimi Scheiblauer , the disabled and neglected children in Switzerland with a rhythmic-musical she developed Therapy could help, and Janusz Korczak , doctor and head of the Jewish orphanage in Warsaw, who accompanied them in 1942 when the 200 children from his orphanage were also transported to the Treblinka extermination camp as part of the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” . Martha Friedländer visited Israel, advocated a reconciliation between Arabs and Israelis and made special efforts to help the children. In Bremen she joined the Quakers and participated in the Quaker aid for Algeria during the Algerian War of Independence . In April 1959 she retired at the age of 63. She had a deep friendship with Anna Krüger, with whom she had lived since 1954 at the latest. Anna Krüger took care of Martha Friedländer during her serious illness. Martha Friedländer died at the age of 82.

Difficult memory

Martha Friedländer was a very committed educator. It is thanks to your initiative that the students from the school for the hearing impaired and speech healing school in 1959 moved to the newly built school on Marcusallee . Support center for hearing and communication were able to move, where they could study in beautiful surroundings. In 1962 she was named an honorary member of the Working Group for Speech Therapy in Germany , the forerunner of today's German Society for Speech Therapy (dgs), for her work for the hearing and speech impaired . This honor went back to Klaus Ortgies, her successor as headmaster of the school on Marcusallee , and was intended to honor Martha Friedländer for her “serving and helping language-suffering children in counseling, ambulance and school, in speeches, writings, radio and television programs”.

On the other hand, if one reads the history of the education of the hearing impaired in Bremen , co-authored by Klaus Ortgies in 1977 , one can easily get the impression that Martha Friedländer's merits should be systematically downplayed. In the essay, she is only mentioned incidentally as the predecessor of Ortgies, while for the “fruitful work at this school up to 1959” reference is made to three men as “pioneers of Bremen's hearing-impaired education” who “with their tireless work at the school [..] excellent ”.

This exclusion continued. On August 16, 2012, the SPD parliamentary group applied to the Bremen-Schwachhausen Advisory Board to name a small new street in Schwachhausen after Martha Friedländer, because she “spent her entire life committed to children and education” and is the head of the hearing impaired in Bremen - and had been a language therapy school. In the advisory board meeting of the specialist committee “Construction, Urban Development, Environment and Energy” on October 11, 2012, no majority was found on this motion. Instead, two male name suggestions were accepted, although a resolution by the Bremen Senate stipulates that women's names are to be given priority when renaming streets and squares.

Publications

  • The origin of the GER reading sheet , in: Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: Pedagogy in exile after 1933. Education for survival. Pictures of an exhibition. dipa publishing house, Frankfurt am Main, 1990, ISBN 3-7638-0520-6 , pp. 239–241. Feidel-Mertz added the following comment to this text: “Presented at the publishers and textbook committee conference in Bünde on November 22nd. 1946 by Martha Friedländer. ”This gives the impression that Martha Friedländer was also the author of this text. Waltraud Strickhausen, on the other hand, assumes that this text probably comes from Werner Milch and refers to the name of the document in the GER archive of the London Institute of Education: “The Secretary (GER): The origin of the GER reading sheet. Presented at the publisher and textbook committee conference in Bünde on November 22, 1946 by Martha Friedländer. In GER, Document No. 1278/1 and 2. “Martha Friedländer's already cited several times correspondence in connection with the reading sheet does not contain any references to this lecture, nor to Martha Friedländer's participation in this event three months after her return to Germany. Doubts are also appropriate because Werner Milch informed her on August 8, 1946, shortly before her departure from England, that the GER had given Richard Schmidt (Göttingen) a power of attorney from the GER to negotiate the reading sheets . Richard Schmidt (1884–1966) was the owner of the bookstore Robert Peppmüller in Göttingen, who was a long-time ISK member, then after the war a member of the SPD and co-founder of the Philosophical-Political Academy .
  • A comprehensive overview of the Kinderöte series published by Minna Specht and Martha Friedländer can be found in the inventory catalog of the German National Library : The Kinderöte series in the DNB catalog . Martha Friedländer's own publications are listed there:
    • Why is my child stuttering? , Publishing House Public Life, Hamburg, 1950.
  • Help the stutterer! Advice for the parents of a stuttering child , Working Group for School Health Care Bremen and Working Group for Speech Therapy in Germany eV, Hamburg-Altona, 1955.
  • Educational help for the hearing-impaired child , in: Hellmut Becker, Willi Eichler, Gustav Heckmann (ed.): Education and politics. Minna Specht on her 80th birthday , Verlag Public Life, Frankfurt am Main, 1960, pp. 250–260.

swell

literature

  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (ed.): Schools in exile. Repressed pedagogy after 1933 . rororo, Reinbek, 1983, ISBN 3-499-17789-7
  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: Education in exile after 1933. Education for survival. Pictures at an exhibition . dipa publishing house, Frankfurt am Main, 1990, ISBN 3-7638-0520-6
  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: A lost paradise. The Jüdische Kinder-Landschulheim Caputh 1931-1939 , dipa-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1994, ISBN 3-7638-0184-7 .
  • Karl-Heinz Klär: Two Nelson Leagues: Internationaler Jugendbund (IJB) and Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund (ISK) in the light of new sources , in: International Scientific Correspondence on the History of the German Workers' Movement (IWK), Volume 18, 1982, Issue 3, September 1982 , Pp. 310-360.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Andreas Paetz: A lost paradise , p. 331
  2. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (ed.): Schools in Exile , p. 237
  3. ↑ For the IALP and its history see: International Society for Speech Therapy and Phoniatry appoints Prof. Dr. Wiebke Scharff Rethfeldt in the Committee for Multilingualism & History of the IALP
  4. ↑ City Archives Göttingen: The Teachers' Fighting Association (LKB) of the ISK
  5. ↑ Heiner Lindner: "In order to achieve something, you have to take on something that you believe is impossible". The International Socialist Struggle Federation (ISK) and its publications. For the history of the USG's founding, see page 50 here.
  6. ↑ The warning about the Gestapo is documented in Martha Friedländer's résumé, which is in the Bremen State Archives.
  7. ↑ Ariadne Birnberg: Most Beautiful Maynard , available at academia.edu. Ariadne Birnberg is the granddaughter of Naomi Birnberg. The original quote reads: “In 1936, by now a mother of two young boys, she realized her ambition to teach, and founded Carmelcourt School, a vegetarian primary school, in her childhood holiday home in Birchington, on the North Kent coast. Alumni from the school recall Naomi as an eccentric but inspiring teacher, taking Eurythmics classes barefoot in the garden, or reading to the children, under an apple tree, passages from Mein Kampf 'to better understand the enemy'. "
    Michael Trede , the self attended Bunce Court School , recalls in his memoirs that his mother found a job as a cook in     Camelcourt about a year after Martha Friedländer . “She kept herself afloat for two months with all kinds of housework - as a cleaning lady and cook. (..) Then she got a recommendation to a small Jewish preschool called "Carmel Court" in Birchington-on-Sea. This small seaside resort is located 100 km east of London on the north coast of County Kent. The boarding school for 5 to 12 year olds was run by Mrs. Naomi Birmberg, who studied Moral Sciences at Cambridge. Together with her brother, the influential Sir Norman Bentwich, she volunteered in several refugee organizations and traveled a lot.
    My mother was hired as cook for the community of 24 people - and apparently did her job - with vegetarian food - quite well, judging by the testimonials that Mrs. Birmberg wrote for her. ”(Michael Trede: Derreturner . Sketchbook one Surgeons. Ecomed, Landsberg 2001, 3rd edition 2003, ISBN 3-609-16172-8 , p. 68. The text can also be viewed on the Internet: The returnees on Google Books ) Michael Trede, however, misrepresents Naomi's last name : Her name was not Birmberg, but Birnberg and died in September 1988 at the age of 97.
    Carmel Court should not be confused with Carmel College , which was founded in 1948 and where Martha Friedländer's Caputher headmaster Fridolin Friedmann found employment after the Bunce Court School ended .
  8. ^ Holding GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943 - 1949) of the IoE-Library, Document 1323
  9. ^ Holding GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943 - 1949) of the IoE-Library, Document 1335 / 1-3
  10. ↑ Birgit S. Nielsen: Education for self-confidence. A socialist school experiment in exile in Denmark 1933-1938. Peter Hammer Verlag, Wuppertal, 1985, ISBN 3-87294-265-4 , p. 131.
  11. ↑ Compare the many scattered references from Rudolf Giesselmann: Stories from the fulling mill near Melsungen in northern Hesse and on the website of the Walkemühle Adelshausen rural education center near Melsungen . During the first Auschwitz trial, Hermann Langbein lived with Hedwig Urbann, the “elderly lady whom he valued very much [...]. She often accompanied him into the courtroom and introduced him to her circle of friends and acquaintances, including former resistance fighters, victims of Nazi persecution and independent socialists ”such as Ingeborg and Heinz-Joachim Heydorn and the couple Trude and Berthold Simonsohn . “Hedwig Urbann was a member of the International Socialist Combat League (ISK) before and during the» Third Reich «and emigrated to Denmark in 1933 together with its director Minna Specht; So Ingeborg Heydorn in conversation with the author, March 8, 2011. "(Katharina Stengel: Hermann Langbein. An Auschwitz survivor in the post-war memory-political conflicts. Campus Verlag. Frankfurt / New York, 2012, ISBN 978-3-593-39788 -7 , p. 513)
  12. ↑ This is probably the Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) , see RNID (Royal National Institute For The Deaf.)
  13. ↑ a b inventory GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943 - 1949) of the IoE-Library, Document 1335 / 1-3
  14. ^ Holding GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943-1949) of the IoE-Library
  15. ^ Holding GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943-1949) of the IoE-Library, Document 1290/1
  16. ^ Holding GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943 - 1949) of the IoE Library, Document 1303
  17. ^ Holding GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943 - 1949) of the IoE-Library, Document 1316
  18. ^ Holding GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943 - 1949) of the IoE-Library, Document 1322/2
  19. ^ Holding GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943 - 1949) of the IoE-Library, Document 1335 / 1-3
  20. ↑ Michaela Kuhnhenne: Women's models and education in the West German post-war period. Analysis using the example of the Bremen region. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden, 2005, ISBN 978-3-531-14633-1 , p. 89 ff.
  21. ↑ a b “Farewell only as headmistress”, in: Weser-Kurier of March 21, 1959
  22. ↑ Minna Specht, quoted from Martha Friedländer: Educational help for the hearing-impaired child , p. 260
  23. ↑ The Ewings were pioneers in the education of the deaf; Alexander William Gordon Ewing founded a famous audiology clinic in Manchester. ( Sir Alexander William Gordon Ewing, 1896-1980 )
  24. ↑ a b Martha Friedländer: Educational help for the hearing-impaired child
  25. ^ Holding GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943 - 1949) of the IoE-Library, Document 1359 / 1-2 & 1361 / 1-2
  26. ↑ a b Holdings GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943 - 1949) of the IoE-Library, Document 1361 / 1-2
  27. ^ Sigrid Schuer: When obedience was beaten into the children , Weser-Kurier, June 16, 2014
  28. ↑ Ulla M. Nitsch: From children needing and educational ideas in: Jörg-W. Link (ed.): Kindernöte , magazine for museum and education, 80-81 / 2016, Potsdam, ISSN 0934-9650, ISBN 978-3-643-99786-9 , p. 55
  29. ↑ For more detailed biographical information on Hanna and René Bertholet see: Martin Rüther, Uwe Schütz, Otto Dann (eds.): Germany in the first post-war year. Reports from members of the Internationale Kampfbund (ISK) from occupied Germany in 1945/46. KG Saur, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-598-11349-8 , p. 552. The page is available online: Hanna and René Bertholet at Google Books
  30. ^ Society for Mental Health in Early Childhood ( Memento of the original from May 15, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gaimh.org
  31. ↑ Anna Krüger's identity can only be partially reconstructed. On the Stayfriends platform there is a reference to Anna Krüger ('Anna Bernstein zur Schulzeit'), who attended school in Bremen's Elisabethstraße from 1930-1938. Via this Anna Bernstein, who was born around 1924, the path in the historical address books leads to a Carl Emil Bernstein, who then lived in 1930 on Bremer Grenzstrasse. Grenzstrasse, on the other hand, is only a few hundred meters away from the former elementary school on Elisabethstrasse, which Anna Bernstein is said to have attended for eight years from 1930.
    In the Bremen address book, Parkallee 15/17 is listed as Martha Friedländer's address for the years 1950–1952. There are no entries for Anna Krüger at this address at this time. There is no address book for 1953, and the one from 1954 now shows the address Ellhornstr. For the first time for both Martha Friedländer and Anna Krüger (with the addition 'Ww.' For widow). 17/19, where both stayed in the following years. Digital collections of the State and University Library Bremen: address books . Whether the widow Anna Krüger was actually Anna Bernstein, who was born in Bremen, cannot be said with absolute certainty.
  32. ↑ Homepage of the German Society for Speech Therapy eV (dgs)
  33. ^ "Martha Friedländer honored", in: Weser-Kurier of November 5, 1962
  34. ↑ a b Klaus Ortgies and Manfred Büscher: History of the education of the hearing impaired in Bremen
  35. ↑ Press release of the SPD Schwachhausen Süd / Ost on the naming of a street after Martha Friedländer , Bremen, August 16, 2012.
  36. ^ "Search for new street names", in: Weser-Kurier from February 20, 2012
  37. ↑ Waltraud Strickhausen: "The desire to return to Germany honors him". The Germanist Werner Milch in exile and the Marburg “Newer German Literature” after 1945 , in: Kai Köhler, Burghard Dedner and Waltraud Strickhausen (eds.): German and Art Studies in the “Third Reich”. Marburg developments 1920-1950 , KG Saur Verlag, Munich, 2005, ISBN 3-598-24572-6 , p. 442
  38. ^ Holding GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943-1949) of the IoE-Library
  39. ^ Holdings GER / 4/4 - Lesebogen Production (1943 - 1949) of the IoE Library, Document 1337
  40. ^ PPA members: Richard Schmidt & Stadtarchiv Göttingen: The Peppmüller bookstore under the direction of Anni and Richard Schmidt
personal data
SURNAME Friedländer, Martha
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German pedagogue, exile, pioneer of language healing education
DATE OF BIRTH September 8, 1896
PLACE OF BIRTH Guben
DATE OF DEATH May 19, 1978
Place of death Bremen