Jan Šverma
Jan Šverma (born March 23, 1901 in Münchengrätz , Bohemia; † November 10, 1944 on Mount Chabenec in the Low Tatras , Slovakia) was a Czechoslovak communist. He was made a national hero after the communist revolution in February 1948.
Life
Šverma was the son of a lawyer and mayor of Münchengrätz. After his father's death, Šverma grew up in Prague- Smíchov from 1911 . After graduating from high school, he began studying law at Charles University , which he did not graduate.
Šverma was the husband of Marie Švermová (1902-1992), who was sentenced to life imprisonment in the 1954 communist show trials in the 1950s and who spent five years in prison. It was not rehabilitated until 1968. Later she was one of the signatories of Charter 77 and faced new difficulties.
Political activity
In the working-class district, Šverma made contacts with the communist movement and was enthusiastic about its ideals. In 1921 he was one of the founding members of the Communist Party KSČ . He broke off his studies and worked in the communist youth association and as editor of the newspaper Rudý večerník . Together with Klement Gottwald , Rudolf Slánský and Josef Gutman , Jan Šverma became a leader of the left opposition in Czechoslovakia. He studied from 1926 to 1928 at the International Lenin School in Moscow and took part in 1928 on the VI. World Congress of the Communist International . In the following year he returned to Prague and supported the new General Secretary Gottwald, who made the Communists the fifth largest party in the country. He joined the radical, Moscow and Comintern-oriented group around Klement Gottwald, which later went down in history under the surname Buben von Karlín ("karlínští kluci"). At the 5th party congress of the CPC in February 1929, these young functionaries took over power in the CPC.
After Klement Gottwald's flight to Moscow, Jan Šverma became the actual leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. In 1935 he was elected to the Czechoslovak parliament and from 1936 he took over the function of editor-in-chief of the party newspaper Rudé právo . Šverma, who, in contrast to Gottwald, did not submit to the supremacy of Stalin but spread his own ideas, which included cooperation with social democrats and small farmers, was sharply attacked by the Moscow leadership in exile under Gottwald. Under Jan Šverma, the Czechoslovak communists supported the election of Edvard Beneš as prime minister in 1935 . In 1939 he was temporarily excluded from the KSČ after criticizing the Hitler-Stalin Pact .
After the smashing of the rest of the Czech Republic, Šverma went into exile in Paris in 1939 and traveled to Moscow after the outbreak of World War II. Here he stayed even when the German troops approached and directed the Comintern's Moscow foreign broadcaster . Šverma's popularity at that time was significantly higher than that of General Secretary Gottwald, who had fled Moscow after the arrival of German troops.
After the outbreak of the Slovak national uprising, Šverma went to the Slovak mountains in the summer of 1944. It is speculated whether this was done out of his own intention or under pressure from Klement Gottwald, who himself remained in the Soviet Union. The suffering from tuberculosis January Šverma joined the partisans. On November 10, 1944, Šverma died of exhaustion during a 15-hour ascent to Mount Chabenec (1955 m above sea level) together with 84 other partisans during a snow storm.
Appreciation
After the communist putsch in February 1948 , Jan Šverma, initiated by Klement Gottwald, was chosen as a national hero. His name was u. a. the Důl Jan Šverma lignite mine in Holešov near Ervěnice , the Důl Jan Šverma coal mine near Lampertice and a hard coal coking plant in Ostrava . The Brno arms factory and the Josef Walter motor vehicle factory in Prague-Jinovice (Jinozitz) were also called Závody Jana Švermy .
In Prague, which was from 1951 to 1997 Moldau bridge Štefánikův most named after him. The Kladno district "Švermov" was also named after Jan Šverma.
In Slovakia from 1948 to 1990 the place Telgárt was called "Švermovo".
Individual evidence
- ↑ Klement Gottwald , curriculum vitae of the portal of the office of the President of the Czech Republic, online at: hrad.cz / ...
Web links
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Šverma, Jan |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Czech politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 23, 1901 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Münchengrätz , Bohemia |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 10, 1944 |
| Place of death | Chabenec mountain |