Japanese chestnut
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Japanese chestnut ( Castanea crenata ) |
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The Japanese chestnut ( Castanea crenata ) is of the type genus chestnut ( Castanea ) from the family of the Fagaceae (Fagaceae), which in Japan and Korea is native and in Japan as Nihon guri ( Jap. 日本栗 is known). It is grown as a nut fruit , especially in Japan and Korea .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Japanese chestnut grows as a shrub or tree and reaches heights of up to 15 meters. Heights of 8 to 10 meters with a diameter of 60 centimeters are normal. She is throwing leaves. Young twigs are gray-brown, scattered gray-white hairs, quickly balding and have white lenticels . The bark is brown and has deep, irregular cracks. The winter buds are egg-shaped, dark brown and sparsely hairy, later balding.
The leaves are alternate, their shape is narrowly elongated to broadly lanceolate. They are 7.7 to 19.5 inches long and three to five inches wide. The apex is pointed or pointed, the leaf base is round to slightly heart-shaped. The leaf margin is serrated, the underside of the leaf is slightly hairy on young leaves, later balding, sometimes only hairy on the nerves. There are also glands on the underside. There are 13 to 26 pairs of lateral nerves. The petiole is 0.5 to 1.9 inches long. The stipules are long triangular, toothed on the edge and fall off early.
Generative characteristics
The kittens are 8 to 26 inches long and fragrant. The male flowers are yellowish white with a five- to six-part flower envelope . They are 2 millimeters high, 3 millimeters wide. The perianthlobes are almost bald on the outside and densely hairy on the inside. The 10 to 12 stamens have 5 to 6 millimeter long stamens, the anthers are 0.4 millimeters long and 0.2 millimeters wide. The reduced ovary is 0.8 millimeters long and hairy.
The fruit cup (cupula) is 4 to 5 millimeters high and 5 to 7 millimeters wide in the flowering stage. Two to three fruit cups are placed at the base of an otherwise male kitten. The scales of the fruit cup are lanceolate to broadly triangular. There are three flowers in a fruit cup. The female flowers are 6 millimeters long, 2 millimeters long and have a six-part flower envelope. The ovary has 4 to 6 compartments and has 4 to 9 styles with very long, cylindrical scars .
The fruits ripen in October and December. The fruit cup is flattened, bare, 5 inches high, 8 inches wide and four inches thick. The fruit cup has 1 to 1.5 centimeters long, branched, hairy spines and opens with four flaps. Two to three nuts are formed per fruit cup , rarely up to five. A nut is 1.8 to 2.8 inches high, 2 to 3 inches wide and 1.5 to 2.2 inches thick. The surface is dark brown. The fruits can weigh over 30 grams.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Distribution and locations
The Japanese chestnut is originally native to Japan and Korea. It is naturalized in Taiwan . It is partially grown in the northeast of China .
It grows between rice fields and in coniferous forests on fertile volcanic soils. It prefers mild summers, winters that are not too cold and high levels of summer precipitation, with an annual precipitation of 1200 to 1400 mm. In the south of Japan it occurs up to 1300 m above sea level. It is not as frost-resistant as the American and Chinese chestnuts . Due to its early flowering, it is sensitive to late frosts.
The Japanese chestnut was introduced to the United States in 1876 . In the 20th century it became the most important type of chestnut in Portugal . In some areas of Europe, especially in France , hybrids are grown from the Japanese chestnut with the sweet chestnut.
Diseases and Herbivores
The Japanese chestnut is relatively insensitive to the ink disease . Against the chestnut blight it is more sensitive than the Chinese chestnut. The chestnut gall wasp ( Dryocosmus kuriphilus ) can especially decimate young populations.
use
The oldest archaeological finds of the Japanese chestnut date from the middle Jōmon period (4000 to 1000 BC). It has been cultivated since the turn of the ages. The fruits are used similar to those of the sweet chestnut . They're often not sweet, sometimes astringent . The seed skin is difficult to loosen. Wood is mainly obtained from wild stocks and is used as construction timber, for posts and sticks, as firewood and as a basis for growing mushrooms.
In 2006 the harvest was 76,447 tonnes in South Korea, 29,133 tonnes in Portugal, 23,100 tonnes in Japan and 8,000 tonnes in North Korea.
supporting documents
The article is mainly based on the following documents:
- Species description in the Flora of Taiwan, Volume 2, p. 52f. (Features)
- G. Bounous, DT Marinoni: Chestnut: Botany, Horticulture, and Utilization . Horticultural Reviews, Vol. 31, John Wiley & Sons 2005, pp. 291-347 (esp. 299f.). ISBN 0-471-66694-7
Individual evidence
- ↑ Castanea crenata in Flora of China http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210000190
- ↑ Castanea crenata in Plants of the World Online http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30319741-2
- ^ Castanea crenata at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Henri Breisch: Châtaignes et marrons . Center technique interprofessionnel des fruits et légumes, Paris 1995, p. 12. ISBN 2-87911-050-5
- ↑ FAO statistics [1] (accessed June 17, 2008)
