Japanese black pine

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Japanese black pine
Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) in Atami, Japan

Japanese black pine ( Pinus thunbergii ) in Atami , Japan

Systematics
Class : Coniferopsida
Order : Conifers (Coniferales)
Family : Pine family (Pinaceae)
Subfamily : Pinoideae
Genre : Pine ( Pinus )
Type : Japanese black pine
Scientific name
Pinus thunbergii
Parl.

The Japanese black pine ( Pinus thunbergii ) is a conifer from the genus of pine ( Pinus ) with needles that grow in pairs and are 7 to 12 centimeters long. The seed cones usually reach a length of 4 to 6 centimeters. The natural range is in Japan and South Korea. It is classified as not endangered in the IUCN Red List .

description

Appearance

Japanese black pines in Tottori Prefecture

The Japanese black pine is a tree up to 40 meters high . The trunk has a diameter of up to 2 meters at chest height and is often forked in the crown area. The trunk bark is thick and breaks into elongated, gray, slightly red, scaly plates that are separated by deep, almost black cracks. The branches grow spread or ascending and are sometimes very thick. They form a broadly conical or dome-shaped crown. The leafy branches are strong, and the bundles of needles that have fallen off pulvini are rough and hairless. Young shoots are yellowish green, later light brown to yellowish brown and then gray.

Buds and needles

The winter buds are ovate-oblong to ellipsoid-cylindrical, pointed, 12 to 20 millimeters long and can be resinous. The lower leaves growing around the buds are light brown, thin and have paper-like, gray-white to silver-white edges. The needles grow in twos in a permanent, 10 to 12 millimeter long, basal needle sheath. The needles are straight, stiff, from 6 usually 7 to 12 centimeters long, 1 to 2 millimeters wide, usually twisted and dark green. The edges are finely sawn, the end is pointed or piercing. There are fine stomata lines on both sides . Two, usually four to ten, and sometimes eleven resin channels are formed per needle . The needle bundles stay on the tree for two to three years.

Cones and seeds

Branch with pollen cones

The male pollen cones are yellow, ovate-conical to short cylindrical, 1 to 1.5 centimeters long with a diameter of 0.5 millimeters. The female seed cones stand individually or in whorls of two or three on short stalks and fall off with the cone stem soon after the seeds have been released. They are closed ovoid-conical, 4 to 6, sometimes up to 7 centimeters long and open broadly ovoid with a diameter of 3 to 4.5 centimeters. From 40 on, each cone usually forms 50 to 60 and sometimes up to 80 seed scales. The seed scales are woody, stiff and elongated, initially gray-brown and yellowish-brown when ripe. The apophysis is almost flat to slightly raised, keeled transversely, rhombic or has a rounded upper edge, light brown and more or less shiny. The umbo lies dorsally and is small and unreinforced. The seeds are obovate, slightly flattened, 5 to 7 millimeters long and gray-brown. The wing is elongated, 10 to 15 millimeters long, pale brown and darkly striped.

Pollination takes place in April and May, the seed cones ripen in October of the second year.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

Distribution and ecology

The natural range is in Japan on Honshu , Shikoku and Kyushu and in coastal areas in South Korea. There it grows at low and medium altitudes up to 1000 meters in the hill country near the coast and in the mountains in a humid, warm, temperate climate with little or no frost. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 6 with mean annual minimum temperatures of −23.3 to −17.8 ° Celsius (−10 to 0 ° Fahrenheit ). These areas would be dominated by deciduous forests with only a few conifers that would be restricted to nutrient-poor, moist soils or to dry mountain slopes. This natural forest was destroyed by the strong cultivation, but the Japanese black pine was able to hold up better as a pioneer tree than other species. It was also often used for afforestation, whereby it could also spread into natural areas. It tolerates saltwater spray well, so it is common near the coast, both natural and cultivated.

Hazard and protection

In the Red List of the IUCN , the Pinus thunbergii was conducted in 2014 as a non-endangered ( "Lower Risk / least concern"). The species is widespread and common in Japan and the coastal areas of South Korea. The greatest threat comes from unsustainable deforestation, which used to be the case more often. The occurrence was also reduced by urban development near the coasts. Overall, however, this has not led to a significant decline in the total number. Many occurrences are also in protected areas and the species is widely used for afforestation.

Systematics and research history

The Japanese black pine ( Pinus thunbergii ) is a species from the genus of the pine ( Pinus ). There, the subsection will Pinus , section Pinus subgenus Pinus assigned. It was first described in 1868 by Filippo Parlatore . Synonyms of the species are Pinus thunbergiana Franco , Pinus massoniana  Siebold & Zucc. and Pinus sylvestris  Thunb.

The specific epithet thunbergii honors the Swedish doctor, botanist and explorer Carl Peter Thunberg (1743 to 1825), a pupil of Carl von Linné , who spent the period from 1775 to 1778 in Batavia and Japan. It wrote the first botanical flora of Japan, but in which he incorrectly identified the species as Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ).

The Japanese black pine forms natural hybrids with the Japanese red pine ( Pinus densiflora ) , which are known as Pinus × densithunbergii Uyeki . It also forms hybrids with the black pine ( Pinus nigra ), but not with the Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ). The hybrids with black pine and Japanese red pine grow significantly faster than the parent species, at least in the first few years.

use

Japanese black pine bonsai
Japanese black pine in a park in Ichikawa , Japan

The wood is similar to that of the black pine ( Pinus nigra ) and is used as construction timber , for the production of posts, railway sleepers, fences, transport pallets and boxes, floors and pulp . The trees are planted as wind protection and used to fortify sand dunes and coastal areas. After the sickle fir ( Cryptomeria japonica ), it is the most commonly cultivated conifer in Japan. It is a widespread ornamental tree in Japan and Korea, which is also used in traditional Japanese gardens and grown as a bonsai . In the United States , especially in the New England states, coastal areas were extensively afforested with the Japanese black pine. However, the sensitivity to pests and diseases put an end to this, so that today they are only found sporadically in parks and arboretums . In Korea, the needles are used to a small extent in the manufacture of pastries and medicinal soft drinks. In Central Europe it is hardy, but is not used as a park or forest tree due to its slow growth and sensitivity to wet snow.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German name according to Roloff et al .: Flora der Gehölze , p. 777.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, p. 773.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 486.
  4. ^ Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Michael G. Gilbert: Pinus thunbergii In: Flora of China. Volume 4, p. 21.
  5. ^ Tropicos. [1]
  6. ↑ Pinus thunbergii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2014 Posted by: Aljos Farjon, 2011. Accessed March 14, 2015.
  7. ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, p. 609.
  8. ↑ Pinus thunbergii. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed March 14, 2015 .
  9. ↑ Pinus thunbergii. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved March 14, 2015 .
  10. ↑ Pinus thunbergii. In: The Plant List. Retrieved March 14, 2015 .
  11. ↑ Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 643.
  12. ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, pp. 662, 663.
  13. ↑ a b Schütt et al .: Lexicon of Tree and Shrub Species , p. 384.
  14. ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, pp. 773, 774.

literature

  • Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 978-90-04-17718-5 , pp. 609, 773, 774 .
  • James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 485, 486 .
  • Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 21 (English).
  • Andreas Roloff , Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use. With a winter key from Bernd Schulz. 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , p. 777.
  • Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexicon of tree and shrub species . Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8 , pp. 384 .
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 643 (reprint from 1996).

Web links

Commons : Japanese Black Pine  - collection of images, videos, and audio files
  • Christopher J. Earle: Pinus thunbergii. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 28, 2012, accessed on March 14, 2015 .