Jean Itard

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Jean Marc Gaspard Itard (born April 24, 1774 in Oraison , Alpes-de-Haute-Provence , † July 5, 1838 in Paris - Passy ) was a French doctor, otologist and teacher of the deaf and dumb.

Life

The French doctor and teacher of the deaf and dumb Jean Itard (1774–1838)

Coming from a middle-class background, Itard first worked at a bank before starting to study medicine. He initially operated as a junior doctor at the military hospital in Soliers . In 1786 he was appointed surgeon at the Val-de-Grâce military hospital. In 1800 he took over the position of a doctor at the later Imperial Deaf-Mute Institute in Paris . In the same year he got to know his most famous student there: Victor , the so-called “ savage of Aveyron ”, a wild child of eleven or twelve who was found completely naked and wild in the forest of Caune ( Aveyron ) in 1799 and whose dramatic fate caused a great public stir at the time. In two famous reports from 1801 and 1806, Itard documented and justified his several years of teaching and education attempts. As a respected doctor, Itard received his private patients in the morning and went to work in the institution for the deaf and dumb in the evening.

In 1821 he became a member of the Académie de Médicine . Also in 1821 he published his treatise on the diseases of the ear and hearing ( Traité des maladies de l'oreille et de l'audition , Paris), which made him a recognized pioneer of ear, nose and throat medicine (oto-rhino-laryngology) . Through his pedagogical work with Viktor as well as numerous treatises on speech training and instruction for the deaf, Itard was also considered a forerunner of deaf education and education for the mentally handicapped .

The methods and didactic materials developed by Itard were later worked out by his pupil Edouard Séguin into a complete educational theory . Mediated and z. Modified in part by the work of Maria Montessori , these didactic materials , such as B. pegboards or insert cylinders, especially in kindergartens as well as in elementary and special schools to this day great popularity.

Works

  • Expert opinion on the first developments of Viktor von Aveyron (1801); in: Malson u. a. 1972, 114-163
  • Report on the further development of Viktor von Aveyron (1806/1807); in: Malson u. a. 1972, 164-220
  • Traité des maladies de l'oreille et de l'audition (1821), 2 vol .; (Méquignon Marvis) Paris
  • Victor, the wild child from Aveyron , with admission and Nachw. V. Jakob Lutz; (Red apple) Stuttgart 1967
  • Lucien Malson , Jean Itard, Octave Mannoni : The wild children ; German by Eva Moldenhauer; (Suhrkamp) Frankfurt a. M. 1972

Reception in art

The French film The Wolf Boy (L'enfant sauvage) by the director François Truffaut is based on Itard's observations of Victor von Aveyron . TC Boyle's story Das Wilde Kind (2010) describes the failure of Itard's educational efforts to integrate the "wolf boy" into society.

literature

  • Werner, Birgitt: The education of the savage of Aveyron. An experiment on the threshold of modernity. Lang, Frankfurt / M. 2004, ISBN 978-3-631-52207-3
  • Ladenthin, Volker: On Jean Itard's pedagogy and aspects of its reception by Maria Montessori. In: Pädagogische Rundschau 51 (1997), pp. 499-515
  • Friedrich Koch : The wild child. The story of a failed dressage. Hamburg 1997, page 133 ff., ISBN 978-3-434-50410-8
  • Lane, Harlan: The Wild Child of Aveyron. The Fall of the Wolf Boy. German by B. Samland. Ullstein materials, Frankfurt a. M. - Berlin - Vienna 1985 (1st edition 1976) (with an overview of the contemporary discussion and a reprint of the most important sources)
  • Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Itard, Jean Marc Gaspard. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 684.

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Itard, Jean
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Itard, Jean Marc Gaspard (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French doctor and teacher of the deaf and dumb
DATE OF BIRTH April 24, 1774
PLACE OF BIRTH Oraison
DATE OF DEATH July 5, 1838
Place of death Paris