Yiddism

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A Jiddismus is from the Yiddish derived reclining or foreign word .

Yiddisms in German

Many Yiddisms are Hebraisms entered into German via Yiddish and Rotwelsche . Althaus treats well over 1000 Yiddisms in his books, but does not limit himself to the evaluation of common dictionaries; rather, he collects expressions "that were common in the mouths of German Jews until the 20th century". In some dialects, such as the city dialects of Berlin , Frankfurt , Koblenz , Mannheim and Münster , but also in Viennese , they play a significant role. It is noticeable that since the 1960s, Yiddisms have been increasingly used again in the common language.

Examples

Examples of some common Yiddisms: Schlamassel, Pig, meschugge , Mischpoke , Schickse , schikkern, Schmonzes, Schmonzette, Tacheles , Stuss , Tinnef, Schtetl , Kassiber , Schmiere , Schmock , Haberer ( Eastern Star "Kumpel, Freund" ), Ganove , petzen, Reibach, Kaff or foreign words like chutzpah and lejnen (reading with melody : singsong).

Development of Yiddisms in German

In the widespread, active vocabulary today, only about 50 Yiddisms can be recorded. An examination of dictionaries published by Duden-Verlag for the general public and of etymological dictionaries found 124 Yiddish borrowings in them (Best 2006). Of the 124 yiddisms, 90 could be determined from which century they can be traced in German; the focus of the loans is apparently in the 18th and 19th centuries. Their development is as follows:

century Number of borrowings observed Total borrowings
15th 3 3
16. 2 5
17th 5 10
18th 28 38
19th 35 73
20th 17th 90

The trend shown here proves to be legal and is subject to the Piotrowski law (Best 2006, page 9).

In the (Moselle-Franconian) Koblenz city dialect, Yiddisms are the second strongest group of loan and foreign words after the French (Best 2006, page 10).

literature

in German
  • Hans Peter Althaus : Zocker, Zoff & Zores . Beck, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-406-47616-3 .
  • Hans Peter Althaus: Small lexicon of German words of Yiddish origin . Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-49437-4 .
  • Hans Peter Althaus: Mauscheln. A word as a weapon . Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-11-017290-9 .
  • Hans Peter Althaus: Zocker, Zoff & Zores . Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-47616-3 .
  • Hans Peter Althaus: Chutzpah, Schmus & Tacheles. Yiddish word stories . Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-51065-5 .
  • Helle Körner: On the development of the German (loan) vocabulary . In: Glottometrics . tape 7 , 2004, ISSN  1617-8351 , p. 25-49 . (PDF full text )
  • Siegfried Kreuzer: From Ave to Zores. Hebrew and Semitic words in our language . In: Journal of Literary Studies and Linguistics . tape 121 , 2001, ISSN  0049-8653 , p. 98-114 .
  • Salcia Landmann : Yiddish. The adventure of a language . Walter-Verlag, Olten and Freiburg 1962.
  • Ronald Lötzsch : Duden paperbacks. Volume 24: Yiddish Dictionary . 2nd Edition. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1992, ISBN 3-411-06241-X .
  • Leo Rosten: Yiddish. A little encyclopedia . 4th edition. Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-423-24327-9 .
  • Heidi Stern: Dictionary of Yiddish loan vocabulary in German dialects . Niemeyer, Tübingen 2000, ISBN 3-484-39102-2 .
  • Katharina Ternes: Developments in German vocabulary . In: Glottometrics . tape 21 , 2011, ISSN  1617-8351 , p. 25-53 . On Yiddisms: page 44f. (PDF full text )
  • Peter Wehle: The Viennese crooks language. A very relaxed dissertation . Jugend und Volk, Vienna 1977, ISBN 3-7141-6052-3 .
  • Peter Wehle: Do you speak Viennese? From Adaxl to Zwutschkerl . Ueberreuter, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-8000-3961-3 .

See also

List of German words from Hebrew and Yiddish

Web links

Wiktionary: Yiddism  - explanations of meanings, word origins , synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl-Heinz Best : Hebraisms in German . In: Glottometrics . No. 27 , 2014, p. 10-17 . (PDF full text )
  2. ↑ Information on the book cover of the 1st edition 2003 of the Small Lexicon.
  3. ↑ Althaus 2003, page 8 of the Small Lexicon.
  4. ↑ Peter von Polenz : German language history from the late Middle Ages to the present. Volume 3: 19th and 20th centuries. de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 1999, ISBN 3-11-014344-5 , page 184.
  5. ^ A b c Karl-Heinz Best : Quantitative studies on Yiddisms in German . In: Yiddistik-Mitteilungen . No. 36 , 2006, p. 1-14 .