Jules Émile Planchon

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Jules Émile Planchon

Jules Émile Planchon (born March 21, 1823 in Ganges , Hérault department , France , † April 1, 1888 in Montpellier ) was a French botanist and pharmacy professor at the University of Montpellier . Planchon became known for identifying the phylloxera vastatrix " phylloxera " species and playing an important role in both discovering the cause and fighting the phylloxera plague. Its official botanical author's abbreviation is “ Planch. “Since 1872 he was a corresponding member of the Académie des sciences .

To the phylloxera plague

In 1868 Planchon baptized the phylloxera vastatrix . In 1873 he succeeded - with the help of some other experts - to verify that the phylloxera had reached Europe from the east coast of the United States . In the USA, numerous vines were immune to the vastatrix, which ultimately led to the discovery of an antidote: a targeted method of grafting used to combat phylloxera . Noble veins of the European Vitis vinifera were grafted onto the rhizomes of American grapevine species , which were resistant to the vastatrix. Even today, this practice is the best defense against the destructive insect.

In 1870 the French government created a commission to combat phylloxera, the most prominent chairman of which was Louis Pasteur . The commission examined over 700 proposals and was largely unsuccessful.

Gaston Bazille , the winegrower, planchon and the horticulturist F. Sahut recognized the key to solving the problem in the biological behavior of the phylloxera. Bazille began to graft the tops ( noble rice ) of the European grape varieties onto resistant American substrates . The French scientists worked closely with American grape growers and viticulture scientists such as George Hussman (1827-1903), a professor of agriculture at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Charles Valentine Riley (1843-1895), a state entomologist, the winemaker and grape grower Hermann Jaeger (1844–1895) from Neosho (Missouri) and the Texas grapevine grower Thomas Volney Munson (1843–1913) together. The American winemakers sent him American grape varieties that were resistant to phylloxera, which Planchon used as a base for the French noble varieties. The phylloxera cycle was successfully disrupted by grafting on resistant documents.

This refinement was the first biological pest control in the history of viticulture. A French delegation later determined in America with the help of the botanist Thomas Volney Munson (1843–1913) the suitable rootstock.

mildew

The powdery mildew , which originates from America, was discovered by Planchon in 1875, which appeared on a massive scale in Europe in 1915, 1977, 1983 and 1988. This arises from the Plasmopara viticola , a fungus that spares the Vitis labrusca , but has an affinity for the Vitis vinifera , and all the more so when the weather is hot and humid. It shows up by an oily stain on the front of the leaf, by a white powder on the back and remaining on dead leaves. The prevention of powdery mildew is based on inevitable copper salts - this can range from bouillie bordelaise ( Bordeaux broth ) to non-harmful synthesis products based on dithiocarbamates and products based on Cyxno-Oxamil that penetrate the leaves. Or even further with systemic products that are effective for 12 to 14 days.

Spread of phylloxera in Europe

  • 1854 discovery by A. Finch (USA)
  • Description as pemphigus vitifolius
  • 1858–1862 introduction to France and England with Vitis spp. (on ornamental plants, on powdery mildew-resistant vines)
  • Description of Peritymbia vitisana by Hammersmith on table grapes in London greenhouses
  • 1863 Provence: inexplicable death of vines
  • 1868 Clarification of the cause (G. Bazille, F. Sahut and JE Planchon; after 2 days of investigation), then 700,000 hectares of devastation quickly
  • 1874 in Bonn on an ornamental vine from the USA, then Karlsruhe and Schöneberg, spread to the south until the turn of the century

Works

Planchon worked on the editing of the botanical journal Flore des serres et des jardins de l'Europe published by Louis van Houtte . For the multi-volume work Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis by Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle , he wrote the treatise on the plant family "Ulmaceae". For the joint work Monographiae Phanaerogamarum… by Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyrame de Candolle and his son Anne Casimir Pyramus de Candolle , he contributed to the 5th volume “Ampelideae”. Together with José Jerónimo Triana , he published Prodromus florae novo-granatensis from 1862 to 1873. He also published the work Memoire sur la familie des Guttiferes (1862) with Triana . In collaboration with Jean Jules Linden he wrote Preludia florae columbianae (1853) and Plantae columbianae (1874/75).

Taxa named after Planchon

The plant genera Planchonia Blume from the potted fruit tree family (Lecythidaceae) and Planchonella Pierre from the sapote family (Sapotaceae) have been named after him.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ List of members since 1666: Letter P. Académie des sciences, accessed on February 4, 2020 (French).
  2. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names - Extended Edition. Part I and II. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5 doi: 10.3372 / epolist2018 .

Web links

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personal data
SURNAME Planchon, Jules Émile
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French botanist and professor of pharmacy
DATE OF BIRTH March 21, 1823
PLACE OF BIRTH Ganges , Herault department , France
DATE OF DEATH April 1, 1888
Place of death Montpellier