Black juniper
| Black juniper | ||||||||||||
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| Juniperus indica | ||||||||||||
| Bertol. |
The Black juniper ( Juniperus indica ) is a species of plant from the family of the cypress family (Cupressaceae). It is native to Central Asia.
description
The black juniper grows as an upright or prostrate evergreen shrub, rarely also as a tree that can reach heights of up to 2 meters. The twigs, which stand close to the branches, are square, sometimes pencil-shaped, and usually come off straight.
The species forms two different forms of leaves . The needle-shaped leaves are mostly found on young plants. These are 3 to 8 millimeters long, have a pointed tip and an elongated leaf gland at the base of the underside of the leaf. They stand in three whorls on the branches. The scaly, blunt leaves are diamond-shaped with a length of 1.2 to 2 millimeters. In the middle of the underside of the leaf there is an elongated gland. The leaves are close-fitting and cross opposite or in whorls of three on the branches.
The black juniper is dioecious-segregated ( diocesan ). The male cones are approximately spherical to egg-shaped with a diameter of 2 to 3 millimeters. They contain six to eight microsporophylls with two to three pollen sacs . The berry cones are formed at a length of 6-13 mm and a thickness of 5-8 millimeters nearly spherical to egg-shaped. They are colored black-brown towards maturity. Each cone bears one or two seeds. The smooth or indistinctly furrowed seeds are egg-shaped with a length of 5 to 6 millimeters and a width of around 4 millimeters.
Distribution and location
The natural range of the black juniper includes Bhutan , Southwest China, North India, Kashmir , Nepal and North Pakistan. In China, it occurs in the east and south of the Tibetan Autonomous Region , west Sichuan and northwest Yunnan . In India it can be found in the states of Himachal Pradesh , Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh .
In China, the species thrives at altitudes of 2600 to 5100 meters. It grows there mainly in thickets and forests on mountain slopes.
Systematics
It was first described as Juniperus indica in 1862 by Antonio Bertoloni in "Miscellanea Botanica", Volume 23, Page 16, Table 1. Synonyms for Juniperus indica Bertol. are Juniperus wallichiana Hook. f. & Thomson ex Parl. And Sabina wallichiana (Hook. F. & Thomson ex E. Brandis) WC Cheng & LK Fu .
The species is divided into up to three varieties :
- Juniperus indica var. Caespitosa Farjon occurs in Bhutan, northwestern Nepal and southern Tibet.
- Juniperus indica var. Indica is the nominate form . It occurs from northern Pakistan to northwestern Yunnan.
- Juniperus indica var. Rushforthiana RP Adams occurs in Bhutan. It is also used by some authors as a synonym for Juniperus indica var. Indica .
Hazard and protection
The black juniper is classified as "not endangered" in the IUCN Red List due to its large distribution area. However, it is pointed out that a new check of the hazard is necessary.
Web links
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- Christopher J. Earle: Juniperus indica. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, December 12, 2010, accessed August 19, 2012 .
- Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert P. Adams & Aljos Farjon: Cupressaceae . Juniperus. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Volume 4. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , Juniperus indica , pp. 76 (English, Juniperus indica - online - this printed work is online with the same text).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert P. Adams & Aljos Farjon: Cupressaceae . Juniperus. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Volume 4. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , Juniperus indica , pp. 76 (English, Juniperus indica - online - this printed work is online with the same text).
- ↑ a b Juniperus indica in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Accessed August 19, 2012th
- ↑ a b c d e Juniperus indica. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network. www.ars-grin.gov, accessed on August 19, 2012 (English).
- ↑ Juniperus indica at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 19, 2012.
- ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Juniperus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 28, 2019.