Cologne School (architecture)

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Foreground: Museum of Applied Arts (Cologne ), directly behind it the Minoritenkirche . Background left. Kolumba (museum) , background right: Opera house. Taken from the south tower of Cologne Cathedral.

In retrospect, the trend-setting architectural scene around Rudolf Schwarz in war-torn Cologne is referred to as the “Cologne School” . It emerged from the Cologne Reconstruction Society, which Rudolf Schwarz headed from 1946 to 1952 on behalf of Mayor Hermann Pünder as general planner, and has shaped the reconstruction and urban development of Cologne with the model of the twin city as a rhizome-like, elastic urban landscape to this day.

features

Apart from the experiences of Schwarz as a regional planner and Emil Steffann in Lorraine during the war, the Cologne School is fundamentally influenced by the local urban planning and object-oriented handicrafts of the Aachen School as it emerges from the Aachen School of Applied Arts , which Schwarz directed from 1927 to 1934, and the renewal of architecture at RWTH Aachen University with the appointment of René von Schöfer in 1925.

For the Cologne and Aachen schools , the rubble and ruins of the post-war period are remnants of building history , which are to be accepted as sources and suggestions for progressive building activity and to be further developed in a measured manner: From their professional exchange and their friendship, new concepts of architecture and art emerge. a. also based on the liberal Rhenish Catholicism , on the one hand preserving the old and on the other hand not wanting to ignore the present. With restrained-looking buildings, often made of reused rubble, important buildings are being rebuilt or rebuilt within the framework of Schwarz's master plan, and the grandiose, in some cases already implemented plans from the time of National Socialism are cleverly combined with the Hahnenstrasse, which was dismantled by Wilhelm Riphahn , and the north-south Fahrt , the concept of the car-friendly city , was redesigned in the early post-war period . The Romanesque churches , the historic town hall and the Gürzenich festival hall with the adjoining Alt memorial, which was inaugurated in 1959 . St. Alban will be rebuilt sensitively with due regard for the historical form.

Cathedral builder Willy Weyres rebuilds the Cologne Cathedral , which was destroyed in the war, and with the Cologne School founded the post-war modern church in the Rhineland, which received worldwide attention .

Members

The architectural scene of the Cologne School around Rudolf Schwarz and Emil Steffann includes Josef Bernhard, Karl Band , Wilhelm Riphahn, Hans Schilling , Fritz Schaller , Gottfried Böhm , Helmut Goldschmidt and Oswald Matthias Ungers , their employees and project partners Karl Wimmenauer , Heinz Bienefeld , Nikolaus Rosiny , Gisberth Hülsmann , Paul Georg Hopmann , the sculptors Kurt Schwippert , Elmar Hillebrand , Theo Heiermann , Paul Nagel , Jochem Pechau , Hans Karl Burgeff, Karl Matthäus Winter , from the Aachen School Maria Schwarz ,  Rudolf Steinbach , Hans Schwippert and from Düsseldorf Josef Lehmbrock as well as the sculptors Erwald Mataré with Erwin Heerich and Joseph Beuys .

The magazine Baukunst und Werkform , founded by Alfons Leitl in 1947 , offered them a public forum for content-related debates. Here u. a. the Bauhaus debate initiated by Schwarz in 1953 and the Düsseldorf architectural dispute took place .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Anne-Julchen Bernhard, Jörg Leeser: Cologne - Model of a better future with an extract from Now! A sub-realistic manifesto . Ed .: arch +. OFF-Architektue 1, No. 166 . Berlin, Aachen 2003, p. 48 - 53 .
  2. ↑ Rudolf Schwarz: What is the subject of urban planning? In: Wolfgang Pehnt, Hilde Strohl (Ed.): Rudolf Schwarz, Architect of Another Modernism . Gerd Hatje, Ostfildern-Ruit 1997, ISBN 3-7757-0642-9 , p. 216-219 .
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Pehnt, Hilde Strohl: "Lively built-through landscape": General planner in Cologne . In: Rudolf Schwarz, Architect of Another Modernism . Gerhard Hatje, Ostfildern-Ruit 1999, ISBN 3-7757-0642-9 , p. 114-125 .
  4. ↑ Panos Mantziaras: RUDOLF SCHWARZ AND THE CONCEPT OF “CITY-LANDSCAPE”. In: Arquitectura, ciudad e ideología antiurbana. 2002, accessed on May 9, 2018 .
  5. ^ Rudolf Schwarz: Letter to Mies van der Rohe . In: Wolfgang Pehnt, Hilde Strohl (Ed.): Rudolf Schwarz, Architect of Another Modernism . Gerd Hatje, Ostfildern-Ruit 1997, ISBN 3-7757-0642-9 , p. 210-212 .
  6. ^ Rudolf Schwarz: Landscape - Work - Education - Highness - Adoration . In: Manfred Sundermann ... (Ed.): Rudolf Schwarz . Academy of the North Rhine-Westphalia Chamber of Architects, German UNESCO Commission, Bonn 1981, ISBN 3-922343-11-2 , p. 70 - 79 .
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Pehnt, Hilde Strohl: "An old and great tradition": Land planning in Lorraine and "From the cultivation of the earth": Beginnings after 1945 . In: Rudolf Schwarz, Architect of Another Modernism . Gerhard Hatje, Ostfildern-Ruit 1997, ISBN 3-7757-0642-9 , p. 100-114 .
  8. ^ Emil Steffann: Reconstruction from rubble. Set out in an old village in Lorraine (1943/44) . In: Dr. Rudolf Pfister with the participation of the Association of German Architects (ed.): Baumeister . No. 8 . Rinn and Callwey, Munich August 1950, p. 489-497 .
  9. ↑ Rudolf Schwarz: The construction of destroyed cities . In: Wolfgang Pehnt, Hilde Strohl (Ed.): Rudolf Schwarz, Architect of Another Modernism . Gerd Hatje, Ostfildern-Ruit 1997, ISBN 3-7757-0642-9 , p. 219-221 .
  10. ^ Willy Weyres: New churches in the Archdiocese of Cologne 1945-1956. Preface by Cardinal Joseph Frings. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1957.
  11. ^ Karl Josef Bollenbeck: New Churches in the Archdiocese of Cologne 1955-1995 . Ed .: Archdiocese of Cologne, Department of Building, Art and Monument Preservation. 1 and 2. Becher, Brühl, ISBN 3-922634-14-1 .
  12. ^ Wolfgang Pehnt: The plan form of the whole. The architect and urban planner Rudolf Schwarz (1897-1961) and his contemporaries . Walther König, Cologne 2011, ISBN 978-3-86560-969-4 .
  13. ↑ OMUngers: About thinking and designing in images and ideas . In: Manfred Sundermann ... (Ed.): Rudolf Schwarz . Academy of the North Rhine-Westphalia Chamber of Architects, German UNESCO Commission, Bonn 1981, ISBN 3-922343-11-2 , p. 23-25 .