Pépinière

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Old Kaiser Wilhelms Academy. Teaching building on Friedrichstrasse
Blackboard at the Pépinière

The Pépinière ( French for tree nursery ) was founded on August 2, 1795 as an institution for the training and further education of military doctors in the Kingdom of Prussia . Alongside the Charité, it was the second surgical school in Berlin . Its founder and first director was Johann Goercke . The institution later changed to the Kaiser Wilhelms Academy . After the end of the Second World War, the building Invalidenstrasse / corner of Scharnhorststrasse served as the seat of various state administrations.

Overview

  • August 2, 1795: Foundation of the Pépinière, in the stable alley corner of George Street in Old Berlin was settled
  • 1797: Purchase of the first books for the library
  • 1809: Dissolution of the Collegium medico-chirurgicum (takeover of the library by the Pépinière)
  • 1811: Establishment of a medical-surgical academy for the military
  • 1818: Renaming of the Pépinière to the Medicinisch-Surgical Friedrich-Wilhelms-Institut
  • 1822–1826: Conversion of the Georgian six-house at Friedrichstrasse 140 for the Medicinisch-Surgical Friedrich-Wilhelms-Institut under the supervision of Ferdinand Triest
  • 1826: Relocation to Friedrichstrasse
  • 1874: Construction of the teaching building on the site on Friedrichstrasse (later Reichstagufer 17, roughly on the site of today's Palace of Tears)
  • 1882: The library receives its own building, also on the premises on Friedrichstrasse
  • 1895: Merger of the Friedrich Wilhelm Institute and the Medical and Surgical Academy for the military, founded in 1811, to form the Kaiser Wilhelms Academy for military medical education (KWA)
  • 1905: Otto von Schjerning became chief of the medical corps and head of the Kaiser-Wilhelms-Akademie
  • 1905–1910: New building for the Kaiser-Wilhelms-Akademie based on plans by the architects Cremer & Wolffenstein on Invalidenstrasse at the corner of Scharnhorststrasse
  • 1919: Dissolution of the Kaiser-Wilhelms-Akademie as a condition of the Versailles Treaty. Shortly afterwards the seat of the Reich Labor Ministry
  • October 1, 1934: Re-establishment of the Military Medical Academy
  • 1944: Relocation of the Military Medical Academy to Breslau
  • 1945: the academy closes

history

1795-1919

After the cannonade of Valmy in 1792, Friedrich Wilhelm II. (Prussia) realized that the skills of the army surgeons were not the best. To remedy this, he ordered a surgical pépinière, a "nursery" for military doctors, to be built in Berlin. A full medical degree was offered there, supplemented by military knowledge (e.g. map science) and sports. The course was free and the students had board and lodging in the institute. Those who lived privately received a grant. The students called themselves "whistles", which was a corruption of the word Pépinière by Berlin street boys . Only as many students were accepted as military doctors were needed. The rush was great: only one out of ten applicants could be accepted.

The training at the Pépinière lasted four years. For students who undertook to serve as military surgeons for eight years afterwards (so-called "Eleven"), the training took place at state expense with additional pay. For the first time, children from less affluent families had the opportunity to receive surgical training.

“In 1910, after five years of construction, a representative, spacious building complex with central heating and shower baths in the basement was created for the academy that had grown. SM the Kaiser and IM the Kaiserin came to the inauguration, on the right stood an honorary company of the 2nd Guards Grenadier Regiment with the regimental music, on the left the three corps in wichs and colors with flags. The Kaiser stepped with the Army General Staff Doctor, Professor Dr. med. v. Schjerning, honorary member of all three corps, took off the front and toured the house: the lecture halls, the ballrooms, the library, which housed the largest collection of medical literature in Europe, casinos for students, junior doctors (clinical semesters) and medical officers, gymnasiums, in which too It was allowed to cram, and the rooms for students, a bedroom and a living room together for two students (the exam semesters had a room to themselves). 400 students must have lived there. At the portal it said: Scientiae Humanitati Patriae. "

In 1919 the Kaiser-Wilhelms-Akademie was dissolved as a condition of the Versailles Peace Treaty .

selection

Prerequisites for admission to study at the military medical training institutes were origin from good parents and secure financial circumstances. The student's father or relatives had to pay for the clothing and equipment. As a student and later as a junior military doctor (usually up to the second medical officer grade) they had to give him monthly financial aid. The applicants had to identify themselves as qualified and to show a high scientific and medical-technical performance. They should "have a pronounced inclination towards the medical profession, be gifted and be brought up in such a way that their whole being has a noble disposition, tact and good manners". They should be so healthy and strong that they could later pursue their special profession even under hardship and hardship.

education

Study of the Pépinière (1900)

The KWA student served six months with the weapon in an infantry regiment of the Guard Corps in Berlin in the first half of the summer of his studies . Then a certificate of service was to be issued for him. It had to show that, according to his “leadership and qualifications, his character and disposition as worthy, as well as the level of service knowledge he had acquired, he was deemed suitable to one day hold the position of a military superior in the medical service”.

The future military doctors completed the medical studies program with those professors at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin who had been appointed to the faculty of the military medical training institutes or the Kaiser-Wilhelms-Akademie. They had to take all examinations according to the state examination regulations for medical studies from 1883. After completing the studies, he was employed as a junior doctor and assigned to the Charité for the practical year . The applicants were then admitted to the medical examination. After the license to practice medicine , an open assistant doctor position had to be filled out. Three months later, the divisional physician presented the applicant to the assembly of all military physicians in the division as an assistant physician. This confirmed the present testimony of the regimental doctor and expressed that "the proposed person was dutifully recommended for promotion for the sake of his leadership and qualifications as well as his views of his peers for the sake of moral qualities." The promotion took place at the suggestion of the General Staff Doctor by the king of the country from which the applicant came. After the promotion, the military doctor was added to the seniority list. The further career depended on the need, the place in the seniority list, the recommendation by superiors, the performance shown and the advanced training (surgical, later also bacteriological or hygiene courses) as well as commands.

Military Medical Academy (1934–1945)

Field doctor with the Gothic A from the Military Medical Academy

At the instigation of Anton Waldmann , a "Military Medical Academy" was reopened on October 1, 1934 in the building of the Kaiser-Wilhelms-Akademie. Until it was moved to Breslau in 1944, this was directly subordinate to the Army Sanitary Inspector and was divided into three teaching groups. The medical officer candidates were trained in teaching groups A and B , with training for preclinicals in teaching group A and clinicians in teaching group B. From 1938 on, the Academy's medical research institutes were combined in teaching group C.

Commanders
General Physician Rudolf Gunderloch (1885–1962), May 1, 1934 to August 25, 1939
General Staff Doctor Richard Hamann (1868–1956), August 25, 1939 to August 1, 1944
General Staff Doctor Walther Asal (1891–1987), August 1, 1944 to March 1, 1945

Use after 1945

View from Invalidenpark : Former lecture hall building

The building in Invalidenstrasse / corner of Scharnhorststrasse was preserved, was used by the Red Army as a military hospital from 1945 and after 1949 it was the seat of the Ministry of Health (until 1972), the Supreme Court and the Public Prosecutor General of the GDR (until about 1970). The part of the building on Scharnhorststrasse was converted into the GDR government hospital.

After the fall of the Wall between 1990 and 1998, chamber concerts by the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra and other events took place in the building's oak hall, the former festival and banquet hall of the Kaiser Wilhelms Academy . The entire building complex was renovated and modernized by the architects Thomas Baumann & Dieter Schnittger, so that the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy has been housed in it since 1998, in accordance with the Bonn-Berlin Act . The first office of this ministry is located here.

Library

The medical specialist library was preserved after the First World War, was even continued and was subsequently subordinate to the Reich Health Office . Some of the books from this German medical library were probably brought to the Soviet Union after 1945 . Remnants of the library came via the Bundeswehr Medical Academy to the library of the Bundeswehr Information Work Center , the Bundeswehr's central archive and storage library .

Well-known whistle taps

See also

literature

  • Fritz-Ulrich Braun: Memories of the 190th Foundation Festival of the Pépinière in Munich, 24. – 27. October 1985 . Rottweil 1986.
  • Johannismeier: Born in 1935 at the Military Medical Academy in Berlin 1935–1942, Limpert, Berlin 1942.
  • Johann David Erdmann Preuß : The Royal Prussian medical-surgical Friedrich-Wilhelms Institute (originally surgical Pépinière) in Berlin. A historical attempt on the 25th day of the foundation, August 2, 1819 . Berlin 1819.
  • Detlef Rüster: The Berlin Collegium medico-chirurgicum: a training and further education facility of the 18th century . Zeitschrift für Ärztliche Fortbildung 81 (1987), pp. 5-11.
  • Otto Schickert: The military medical educational institutions from their foundation to the present . Berlin 1895.
  • Hermann Schmidt: The Kaiser Wilhelms Academy for military medical education from 1895 to 1910 . Berlin 1910.
  • The military medical educational institutions from their foundation to the present , Berlin 1895.
  • Paul Wätzold: Master list of the Kaiser Wilhelms Academy for military medical education. On behalf of the Medical Department of the Royal Ministry of War using official sources. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg 1910.

Web links

Commons : Pépinière  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Pin it . In: Karl Neander von Petersheiden: Illustrative tables , 1801, I, p. 186 (The surgical Pepiniere is in a corner house next to a barracks .).
  2. ^ Uwe Kieling: Berlin building officials and state architects in the 19th century. Biographical Lexicon . Society for Local History and Monument Preservation in the Kulturbund der DDR, Berlin 1986, p. 92
  3. ^ Clinical Yearbook, Fifth Volume, p. 9, edited by A. Guttstadt, 1894, published by Julius Springer, Berlin
  4. ^ Georg Bacmeister: Franconia and Saxonia . In: History of the Corps Brunsviga, Part II: 1924–1993
  5. ↑ Peter Kolmsee : Under the sign of Aesculapia. An introduction to the history of the military medical service from the very beginning to the end of the First World War . Articles military medicine and military pharmacy, Vol. 11. Beta Verlag, Bonn 1997, ISBN 3-927603-14-7 , p. 132.
  6. ^ Regulations on the admission of students to the Kaiser Wilhelms Academy for military medical education in Berlin. Berlin 1896
  7. ↑ a b Peter Kolmsee: Under the sign of Aesculapia. An introduction to the history of the military medical service from the very beginning to the end of the First World War . Contributions to military medicine and military pharmacy, vol. 11. Beta Verlag, Bonn 1997, ISBN 3-927603-14-7 , p. 133.
  8. ↑ K. Ph. Behrend: War surgery from 1939–1945 from the perspective of the consulting surgeons of the German Army in World War II (PDF) , dissertation, Freiburg, 2003, pp. 10–11.
  9. ^ BMWi history and architecture of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy in Berlin , accessed on September 9, 2017.
  10. ↑ New in VD 17: Special Libraries of the Bundeswehr , accessed on August 30, 2018


Coordinates: 52 ° 31 '43.9 "  N , 13 ° 22'27.8"  E