Karl Schilling (pastor)

Karl Schilling

Karl Schilling (* February 5 ^July / February 17,  1865 ^greg. In Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire ; † September 10, ^July / 23 September  1905 ^greg. In Nitau , Livonia Governorate , Russian Empire), with full name Karl Theophil Schilling , also Carl Schilling or Carl Theophil Schilling or Theophil Carl Schilling , also written Theophil Schilling , Latvian Kārlis Šilings or Kārlis Šillings , was a German-Baltic pastor . He is considered an Evangelical Lutheran martyr and is mentioned in Oskar Schabert's Baltic Martyrs Book.

The dates in this article are based on the Julian calendar for the period up to 1918 unless otherwise noted.

Life

Youth and education

Karl Schilling came from a long-established pastor family in Livonia. His grandfather was a pastor in Tirsen , his father Carl Friedrich Woldemar Schilling (* 1834) pastor in St. Petersburg. The father died in 1869 when Karl Schilling was four years old. The widow moved with her many children to Riga , where Karl Schilling attended the Gouvernements-Gymnasium from 1877 to 1884, from which he graduated from high school. In 1885 he enrolled at the University of Dorpat to study theology . From October 20, 1887 to August 28, 1888 he was a member of the Dorpat Theological Association.

In 1889 he completed his studies as a candidate. In 1890 he passed his exams before the consistory in Riga. In the same year he spent his probationary year with Pastor Walter in Kremon in Livonia and with Provost Kaehlbrand in Neu-Pebalg in Livonia.

On March 3, 1891, he was ordained pastor- adjunct for Tirsen and Wellan in the St. Jakobikirche in Riga by General Superintendent Hollmann .

First years in Nitau

On December 5, 1891, Karl Schilling was confirmed as Nitauscher parish preacher after the position had been vacant for a year, no applicant was found and the community went astray. The appointment of Schilling by the consistory aroused strong resistance from some parishioners because of his German-Baltic origin. Schilling nevertheless held the new position until his death. The financial situation of both the parish and the pastor and his family was difficult, which required a spartan way of life. Schilling's sermons were considered serious, concise, clear and simple, unusual lines of thought were generally not to be found in them. About the Reformation principles sola gratia and sola fide , he judged that they would only lead to peace together, not considered individually. A common theme was the willingness to suffer.

In his free time, Schilling dealt with nature and history. So he looked after his little park and published in the Baltic Monthly and the Baltic Youth Magazine . He was also one of the few pastors, especially in rural areas, to be a member of the Society for History and Antiquity of the Baltic Sea Provinces of Russia , where he showed a keen interest in their archaeological work.

Around 1894 he awarded a richly embroidered antependium of his church from the 18th century to the Museum of the Society for History and Archeology of the Baltic Provinces of Russia .

In addition, Karl Schilling, like provost Ludwig Zimmermann , who was murdered in 1906, were clergymen Hans Bielenstein , Alexander Bernewitz , Xaver Marnitz , Arnold von Rutkowski , Paul Fromhold-Treu , Christoph Strautmann , Karl Schlau , Eberhard Savary , Eugen Scheuermann and who were executed by Bolsheviks in 1919 Wilhelm Gilbert and, like the pastors Gustav Cleemann and Erwin Gross , who died as a result of their imprisonment with the Bolsheviks, full members of the Latvian Literary Society , which was dedicated to the study of the Latvian language, folklore and culture. This society was mainly supported by German-Baltic pastors and intellectuals. For the Latvians themselves, a higher education was hardly accessible at the time of the imperial Russian rule, their culture led a shadowy existence.

In 1895 he took over the official duties in the community of Jürgensburg for the duration of the vacancy of the local pastor's office .

On Thursday, November 14th, ^Jul. / November 26, 1896 ^greg. , the birthday of the Tsar's mother, Schilling took part in the inauguration of the new Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kirchholm . He held the opening liturgy with the reading of Rev 21 : 1-5  LUT .

Conflict with the Russian Orthodox State Church

Schilling was known for taking care of his community and for expressing his opinion openly, which was seen by some as inconvenient and by others as brave. The latter saw him as the keeper of the legacy of the Reformation. So from the beginning there were problems with a relatively large number of Latvian parishioners who, among other things , had converted to the Russian Orthodox state church during the vacancy of the pastor's office , as he was able to prevent others from taking this step and criticized the behavior of the converts . Eventually, the local Orthodox priest, a constant opponent of the Evangelical pastor, reported Schilling for anti-Orthodox propaganda. This led to a conviction of Schilling on the basis of Article 182 Part 1 of the Russian Criminal Code. This made the so-called ridicule of the Orthodox religion a punishable offense:

"Those who have been convicted of having scornfully mocked the religion, with an apparent disregard for the rules or ceremonies of the Orthodox Church or Christianity in general, are sentenced to imprisonment for a period of four to eight months."

The trial took place on Monday, September 6th ^. / September 18, 1899 ^greg. , held in camera before the first criminal department of the Riga District Court. Schilling's defense attorney was H. von Broecker, while A. Oransky represented the prosecution. Schilling was sentenced to four months of house arrest, which he spent with his provost and friend Ludwig Zimmermann. (Convictions of Protestant clergymen for alleged attacks on the Orthodox state church were frequent.) During the arrest, Schilling experienced the friendship of some parishioners, but also the rejection by converts he criticized. During Schilling's absence it became apparent that he had largely won over his community. The turning away from the evangelical faith was now considered unacceptable there. It was a response to his love of truth and his affection for his community.

On November 15, the second criminal department of the St. Petersburg Court of Appeal confirmed the judgment. No extenuating circumstances were awarded. For his first service after his imprisonment, the congregation had festively decorated the church for him.

On November 22, 1901, he married Magdalena Agnes Scheinpflug (1876-1949), a sister of Theodor Scheinpflug .

Archaeological activity

In 1900 archaeological excavations were carried out on Lake Assersee on the grounds of the Sawehlt servants in the parish of Nitau. Karl Schilling asked the president of the Society for History and Archeology of the Baltic Sea Provinces of Russia , Senior Teacher B. Hollander, to continue the excavations.

Schilling's request to continue the excavations was followed in June 1903 after the servant's owner, Alma von Zoeckel, had given permission. Six Latvian barrows from the 6th to 8th centuries, from the time before the immigration of the Livs, were found at the site . Schilling himself took part in the excavation, during which five of the graves were examined. One or two human bodies per grave and numerous grave goods were found.

Nitau infirmary

On January 1, 1905, Schilling inaugurated the evangelical infirmary of his community. The owner of the castle on whose grounds the house had been established, Count W. Stenbock- Fermor, and representatives of the farming community were present. The celebration was made simple. The count had provided the house with heating and a garden. The facility and part of the maintenance of the sick were financed by a donation from the Count and a collection of money by Schilling. Schilling had taken care of the procurement of the equipment and the delivery of the sick. The first seven moved into the house on the day of the inauguration. Two of the sick were Orthodox. The Board of Trustees had decided to do this, although it was not obliged to. Before the establishment of the house, the sick were housed with farmers. The necessary funds from the community now went to the infirmary. This was intended to provide better care for the sick.

First tensions during the Russian Revolution in 1905

During the Russian Revolution of 1905 , the tensions that had built up around Schilling for religious reasons were to intensify. Many whom he had made enemies now took the opportunity to take action against him. According to the Rigaschen Rundschau, however, the revolutionary agitators came from outside, with a student from the St. Petersburg Mountain Institute, the son of a servant from Ogershof, emerging . The local executive committee is said to have behaved comparatively moderately; overall, according to the newspaper, the period of revolution in the parish of Nitau was said to have been relatively calm.

In March 1905 Schilling received a threatening letter in Latvian. Among other things, it contained the sentence: “This is the first bell!” And the announcement that the pastor would be shot on March 31st if he does not immediately comply with the resolutions of the Latvian Social Democratic Committee. What was meant was that he should forego leases, due dates and other payments to be made to him.

In April 1905 Schilling called in the Düna newspaper to comment publicly on the question of Protestant-Orthodox mixed marriages. The freedom of religion granted by the imperial decree of April 17th should also extend to the confession of children from such marriages. Provost Grüner from Goldingen , who quoted him, joined Schilling's opinion in a similar appeal.

Riots in the Nitau Church

On Pentecost Sunday, June 5, riots broke out in the Nitauschen church: after the sermon song, some young men, including schoolchildren and students, including a polytechnician in uniform, broke into the sacristy where Schilling was staying alone. They asked him in Latvian to take off his robe and give it to them. When he refused, he was angrily asked not to speak to the community. He also refused this. As a result, some of the intruders drew revolvers and threatened to shoot him if he left the sacristy. They wrested a Latvian New Testament from Schilling. The polytechnician remained armed in the door and blocked it for over half an hour.

The rest of them stormed into the church. The song was over in the meantime. One of the group climbed into the pulpit, read a Bible text, and then delivered a passionate revolutionary speech. The others went through the church threatening to shoot anyone who resisted. Two country gendarmes also belonged to the church service. Numerous foreign revolutionaries had mixed with the congregation, called for their approval after the speech and sang revolutionary songs to chorale melodies, the text was auditioned. Gunshots could be heard from outside. Proclamations were circulated among the congregation, hooting, applause and hurray shouted. In addition, a money collection was organized.

After the event in the church was finished by the revolutionaries, they took the congregation out. There red flags were deployed. When the crowd left the church, the polytechnician also left and Schilling was able to leave the sacristy, which he would never enter again. The revolutionaries went to the castle singing and shooting with their flags; the community was forced to follow suit. The revolutionaries threatened the landlord and presented their demands to Count Stenbock-Fermor, the speaker being flanked by two bodyguards with cocked revolvers. The revolutionaries later moved to the pitcher, the crowd was allowed to refresh themselves there, but were asked not to support the monopoly.

Then the crowd moved on to the pastorate, where Schilling had meanwhile also arrived. He was asked to come out and taught, saying that he had given his congregation stones instead of bread. (Compare Mt 7,9  LUT .) Accordingly, a stone was put in his pocket. Then the congregation broke up.

Similar events and consequences

Similar revolutionary disturbances in the service on the first and second day of Pentecost in 1905 occurred in Sissigal with Pastor Lange from Sunzel , in Ascheraden with Pastor Eberhard Savary , who at the end of the incident was mistreated and put in a sack and shot the Bolsheviks in 1919 , and in Lennewarden with Provost Ludwig Zimmermann.

Due to the events mentioned, the evangelical consortium closed Schilling's church until the point in time when the congregation allowed sufficient protection for the church. The communities for which Schilling was responsible, however, stated that they did not want to take any steps to protect the church, worship and pastor. The threat was too great for that.

Heightened tensions

A second threatening letter followed in July 1905 with the sentence: “This is the second bell! Now watch out, the third will sound soon ”. More letters followed, but Karl Schilling did not open them because they were not franked. The pastor stayed with his congregation. Although he was no longer able to give public sermons, he was able to provide pastoral care to individual people. He continued to perform this task unabated. Whenever he left his house to visit one of the widely dispersed parishioners, he said goodbye to his elderly mother, his young but health-troubled wife and his two young children as if it were the last time. He arranged his affairs down to the last detail and said:

"We are ready for anything, death has no longer any horror for us, only the gruesome details that are connected with it."

On August 21, after a difficult farewell, Schilling found himself at a synod in distant Walk . The mood was very serious; each of the participants wondered who would be next to feel the hatred of the revolutionaries. Here Schilling heard that an attempt had been made that night to burn down his pastorate. A wooden staircase had been doused with kerosene. However, only three steps burned; then the fire went out, saving the family's life. However, a barn filled with crops and Schilling's property next to the pastorate burned down completely. In spite of all warnings, Schilling hurried back and brought his mother and children to Riga. He and his wife stayed at the pastorate, where he found a subpoena in court. There he testified about who had threatened him in the sacristy, but this had no consequences. When he testified, he knew that the revolutionaries knew how to silence opponents. Schilling continued to fulfill his duties, despite a serious illness.

On September 5, Schilling heard of the murder of another official in his community. He commented on this:

"Today you, tomorrow me."

On September 6th, the Latvian Russian Orthodox priest von Fistehlen , Jānis Līcis (* 1830, also called Johann Lihzit), was killed. With the exception of the small green courtyard, the revolutionaries burned down all goods in the parish of Nitau.

Schilling published an article in the Düna newspaper in which he expressed his opinion that the Latvian municipalities could not yet be granted the right of patronage because they were not yet ready for it. Adam Jende , who was killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918, instead advocated the election of pastors by the congregation.

On Friday September 9th ^Jul. / 22nd September  1905 ^greg. , Schilling visited a sick parishioner accompanied by his wife. His wife later wrote about this trip. The weather was very nice and the sky was clear. Schilling suspected:

"Maybe I will see all of this for the last time."

At 5 p.m. two unknown men went to Schilling's pastorate and asked for him. Since the pastor was absent, they announced that they would return the next day. Schilling was informed of this on his return.

Violent death

The next day, September 10th, ^Jul. / 23 September  1905 ^greg. at 11.30 a.m., Schilling was in his study on the first floor of his pastorate. One of the two well-dressed men knocked on the door and came in at Schilling's request. (Other sources say the events took place at the front door after the men rang the bell.) The stranger handed the pastor a letter. Schilling turned his back on the man to open the letter at the window. The content was written in Latvian and translated as follows: "Schilling, you are a spy, you have to die." Schilling asked if he should answer the letter. In response, the stranger fired five rounds from a revolver at him. All the shots hit, some in the heart. Schilling collapsed staggering; his wife caught him.

The assassin went down the stairs and met a maid whom he threatened with a gun in order to silence her. The other man sat on the bench in front of the house, to whom the assassin said when he ran out: "He's finished!", Which the residents of the house heard. Both men left together through the park, presumably in the direction of Ramotzki.

Karl Schilling died ten minutes after the gunfire hit him. His last words are said to have sounded relieved and were:

“It was a very strange person. How nice it was to live, but it's also nice to die. "

He had previously referred to life as the “preparation day for eternity”. In her account of these events, his wife judged that God's grace had armed him.

Afterlife

Immediate reactions

Schilling left behind an equally ill and financially poor young widow and two daughters aged five years and nine months. The farmer J. Pikan came to Wesselshof and was the first to report on the murder.

Schilling's obituary in the Düna newspaper of September 12, 1905 was written anonymously by another evangelical clergyman.

On September 13th, a comment followed in the Rigaschen Rundschau , in which Līcis and Schilling were referred to as martyrs, combined with the consolation note that the Church would always grow good fruit from the blood of the martyrs. The author expressed his doubt that the murder of private individuals who did not embody state power could be justified by the revolutionary pursuit of improvement. The establishment of Līcis by patriarchal church structures is not an argument, since the Latvian parishioners have voluntarily converted to the Orthodox Church. The Protestant Church of Schilling, in turn, grew together with the population for over four centuries, and as the successor to the Roman Catholic Church even over seven centuries. The murderers would achieve the opposite of what they wanted, church members who were previously wavering would now only bind themselves more closely to their church.

In September 1905 the governor visited Riga's Lutheran clergy. He spoke about the murder of Schilling and Līcis'. City provost Gaethgens expressed the hope that the perpetrators would soon be found and that order would be restored in the church.

The Rigas Awise ruled on the murder of Schilling and Līcis:

“If a nation calmly tolerates murder, then the curse comes upon the whole people. That is a law of eternity. And is it not tolerating the acts of murder if those whose duty it is to instruct the people through the scriptures remain silent? What if they can't find a word to condemn the movement that is causing these murders? No, these are morally complicit. "

Otherwise, the Latvian press limited itself to a description of the facts. The Riga district police offered a reward of 1,000 rubles for clues about the murderers Schillings and Līcis'.

funeral

Schilling was born on the afternoon of September 15th ^. / 28 September  1905 ^greg. buried. The service in the churchyard chapel was held by his provost Ludwig Zimmermann , who also took part in the funeral himself. In the face of the revolutionaries' riots against the Evangelical Church, he spoke about vicarious suffering. The visitors were numerous, in addition to many Lutheran clergymen, the governor of Livonia, the resident district administrator Adolf Pilar von Pilchau , who laid a wreath for the Livonian knighthood, the general superintendent and other influential personalities took part. Each of the pastors present gave the deceased a Bible verse to take along; Zimmermann quoted the words of the Lord from Mt 10.39  LUT : "Whoever loses his life for my sake will find it." City provost Gaehtgens laid down a laurel wreath in the name of the Livonian consistory and the clergy of Courland and Livonia and delivered the funeral oration. While the tomb was being closed, the church was singing A strong castle is our God .

Suspects

The Rigasche Rundschau of October 31, 1905 established a connection between social democratic calls for boycotts against rural pastors and the murder of Schilling. At a funeral of postal robbers, revolutionary songs were sung and corresponding banners were shown. Murder and crime, the newspaper judged, had become the means of war of the revolutionaries.

In February 1906, Pikan got into an argument with the farmer Kahrklinsch, who called him a socialist and who had participated in a theft in the Nitau church. Later, Pikan's brother appeared with a rifle and threatened those present. An investigation has been launched against the Pikan brothers. Before the local court, Kahrklinsch reiterated his allegations, while Pikan denied them. Pikan was now under suspicion of the murder of Schilling. However, eyewitnesses testified that the killer looked different. Pikan was still in custody in the Riga prison.

The revolution was suppressed by Russian troops in the spring of 1906.

After the revolution

In June 1906 the church in Nitau was consecrated again by Ludwig Zimmermann. He described the assassination attempt against Schilling as murder. As a carpenter on August 18th ^jul. / August 31,  1906 ^greg. was also killed, the assassins said he had insulted those who fought for freedom in Nitau.

On September 25, 1906, a Livonian pastor received the following printed letter in "official" language:

No. 51.

Request to the pastor (censored in the source) of the (censored) church.

You are hereby requested to stop insulting freedom fighters and our fallen comrades and immediately after receiving this notice to close down your sanctifying business - the church, otherwise we will be forced to use violence. Think of the fate of your colleagues Schilling, Lihzit and Zimmermann.

25 / IX. 1906.

The group

the Baltic Combat Organization.

"Mescha-Brahli" printing company

The letter was stamped with the inscription "Latwijas Sozialdemokratiga Komiteja Widsemas Maleenas", the name of the pastor and his parish as well as the date were subsequently inserted in red ink.

In May 1909, the Livonian MP Baron Hans von Rosen gave a speech to the Duma in which he mentioned the murders of Jānis Līcis and the evangelical clergy Wilhelm Taurit , Karl Schilling, Ludwig Zimmermann, Alphons Fuchs, Julius Busch and Albert Grühn . (According to other sources, Fuchs survived the attack despite the initial report of death.) Rosen referred to the named as martyrs. He also emphasized the importance of the Protestant clergy as pillars of the state and campaigned for an end to the legal disadvantage of the Protestant church compared to the Orthodox.

A pastor friend of Schilling published a book with 47 German-language sermons by Schilling, a short biography, and the funeral oration that Ludwig Zimmermann had given him. It was entitled: Whoever wants to preserve his life will lose it - whoever loses his life for my sake will find it. In memory of Karl Theophil Schilling †, Pastor of Nitau (Livonia). His sermons, edited by Maximilian Stephany, pastor at Riga Cathedral, with descriptions of the times and descriptions of his tragic death in the revolutionary year 1905. Riga 1910. Georg Neuner, Suworowstraße 40

Karl Schilling was the first in a long line of evangelical clergy and other people close to the church who were killed in the wake of the revolutions of 1905 and 1917. On March 14, 1919, the Bolsheviks shot Schilling's brother-in-law, Pastor Theodor Scheinpflug .

literature

• Article about Schilling's appeal against his conviction in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 237, October 22, 1899, online at [32]
• Article about the assassination attempt on Schilling and obituary in the Düna newspaper , No. 200, September 12, 1905, online at [33]
• Alfred Seeberg : Album of the Theological Association to Dorpat-Jurjew , Theological Association, Dorpat-Jurjew 1905, p. 113, No. 265
• The news of a new murder in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 200, September 12, 1905, online at [34]
• Article about the assassination attempt on Schilling in the Libauschen Zeitung , No. 197, September 13, 1905, online at [35]
• Article about Schilling's funeral in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 204, September 16, 1905, online at [36]
• Disturbances and administrative measures in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 228, October 15, 1905, online at [37]
• Article on the Society for History and Archeology of the Baltic Provinces of Russia with Schilling's death report in the Düna newspaper , No. 253, November 16, 1905, online at [38]
• Baltic Totenschau 1905 in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 284, December 30, 1905, online at [39]
• Excerpt from the communications of the Livonian general superintendent in the Rigas City Gazette , No. 33–34, August 31, 1906, online at [40]
• Chronicle in the Baltic Monthly , No. 07–12, July 1, 1907, online at [41]
• Directory of the Germans murdered in Liv-Est-Kurland during the Revolution 1905-7 in the Baltic Monthly , No. 01-06, January 1, 1909, online at [42]
• Review of Stephany's book about Schilling in the Rigaschen Zeitung , No. 288, December 12, 1909, online at [43]
• Pastor Schilling's sermons in the Baltic Monthly , No. 01-06, January 1, 1910, online at [44]
• Oskar Schabert: Baltisches Märtyrerbuch , Furche-Verlag, Berlin 1926, p. 50 ff , the report goes back to the necrologist Pastor Hillner in Mitteilungen und Nachrichten , Volume 62
• Martyrs of the Twentieth century in The Christian Conservator , Volume 44, No. 13, December 11, 1929, pdf at http://www.huntington.edu/uploadedFiles/UBHC/Publications/Conservator/19291211.pdf ( Memento from 5. May 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
• Stephan Bitter: Schilling, Carl Theophil in: Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon , Volume XXV (2005), columns 1237–1241
• Harald Schultze and Andreas Kurschat (editors): "Your end looks at ..." - Evangelical Martyrs of the 20th Century , Evangelical Publishing House, Leipzig 2006, ISBN 978-3-374-02370-7 , Part II, Section Russian Empire / Baltic States , P. 550

Web links

• Portrait photo of Karl Schillings as a member of the student association " Baltic Corporation Livonia Dorpat "
• Portrait photo of Karl Schilling as a pastor in Nitau

Individual evidence

1. ^ The Society for History and Archeology of the Baltic Provinces of Russia. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 285, December 15, 1904, online at [1]
2. ^ The Society for History and Archeology of the Baltic Provinces of Russia. in the Düna newspaper , No. 285, December 15, 1904, online at [2]
3. ^ The Society for the History and Archeology of the Baltic Sea Provinces of Russia in Riga. in the Düna newspaper , No. 21, January 27, 1894, online at [3]
4. ^ List of members of the Latvian Literary Society from 1901 ( Memento from September 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
5. ↑ Domestic. in the Düna newspaper , No. 262, November 18, 1895, online at [4]
6. ↑ Notes. in the Rigaschen city sheets , No. 50, December 12, 1896, online at [5]
7. ↑ Domestic. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 177, August 11, 1899, online at [6]
8. ↑ Pastor's Process. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 200, September 7, 1899, online at [7]
9. ↑ Riga. Pastor Process. in the Libauschen Zeitung , No. 202, September 8, 1899, online at [8]
10. ↑ Pastor's Process. in the Düna newspaper , no. 177, August 11, 1899, online at [9]
11. ↑ Pastor's Process. in the Düna newspaper , no. 258, November 16, 1899, online at [10]
12. ^ Society for the History and Archeology of the Baltic Sea Provinces of Russia. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 221, September 29, 1903, online at [11]
13. ^ Society for the History and Archeology of the Baltic Sea Provinces of Russia. in the Düna newspaper , No. 222, September 30, 1903, online at [12]
14. ↑ Nitau Castle. Inauguration of the evangelical infirmary. in the Düna newspaper , No. 8, January 12, 1905, online at [13]
15. ↑ E. Grüner: On the question about mixed marriage. in the Düna newspaper , No. 97, May 5, 1905, online at [14]
16. ^ A number of shameful church disturbances in Livonia in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 120, June 7, 1905, online at [15]
17. ↑ Domestic. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 122, June 9, 1905, online at [16]
18. ^ Livonia. A number of shameful church disturbances in Livonia in the Libauschen Zeitung , No. 118, June 8, 1905, online at [17]
19. ^ Church- disgraceful processes in Courland and Livonia in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 121, June 8, 1905, online at [18]
20. ↑ Jānis Līcis alias Indriķis Straumīte on Eleison.lv (Latvian)
21. ↑ On the question of patronage in the Düna newspaper , No. 220, October 6, 1905, online at [19]
22. ↑ On the question of patronage in the Libauschen Zeitung , No. 218, October 8, 1905, online at [20]
23. ↑ From Nitau in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 41, February 18, 1906, online at [21]
24. ↑ Commentary in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 201, September 13, 1905, online at [22]
25. ↑ Domestic. in the Libauschen Zeitung , No. 198, September 14, 1905, online at [23]
26. ↑ On the murder of Pastor Schilling. in the Düna newspaper , No. 202, September 14, 1905, online at [24]
27. ↑ Stephan Bitter: Oskar Schabert, a preacher of conversion in East and West , p. 13 (PDF; 1.0 MB)
28. ↑ Finally ?! in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 239, October 31, 1905, online at [25]
29. ↑ Latest post. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 46, February 25, 1906, online at [26]
30. ↑ Latest post in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 133, June 13, 1906, online at [27]
31. ↑ Nitau. The church in Nitau in the Düna newspaper , no. 134, June 14, 1906, online at [28]
32. ^ Threat letters to pastors. in the Düna newspaper , no. 227, October 3, 1906, online at [29]
33. ↑ Domestic. in the Libauschen Zeitung , No. 227, October 4, 1906, online at [30]
34. ^ The speech of the Livonian MP H. Baron Rosen in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 117, May 26, 1909, online at [31]