Orheiu Bistriței Castle

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Orheiu Bistriței Castle
limes Dacian Limes
section A / VI / 31
Dating (occupancy) 2nd to 3rd century
Type Auxiliary fort
unit Cohors I Flavia Hispanorum milliaria
size A) 130 m × 190 m = 2.5 ha
B) 203 m × 144 m = 2.9 ha
Construction A) Wood and earth warehouse
B) Stone fort
State of preservation Overbuilt or not visible
place Orheiu Bistriței
Geographical location 47 ° 5 '45.7 "  N , 24 ° 35' 32.3"  O Coordinates: 47 ° 5 '45.7 "  N , 24 ° 35' 32.3"  E
height 400  m
Previous Livezile Fort
(north; temporary, A / VI / 30) ,
Ilișua Fort
(west-northwest, A / VI / 29)
Subsequently Brâncoveneşti Castle
(south-southeast, Limes section VII)
Orheiu Bistriței fort in the course of the Limes

Orheiu Bistriței Fort was a Roman auxiliary camp on the northeastern Dacian Limes in the province of Dacia Porolissensis (previously Dacia superior ). In today's settlement the former military camp is located in the area of ​​the municipality Orheiu Bistriței (castle hall) , district Bistrița-Năsăud in northern Transylvania , Romania .

location

The relics of the fort lie on flat terrain on the western side of the Budac river, on the western periphery of today's town. A large area of ​​the former military camp is now built over. Part of the Retentura (rear part of the camp) lies under the Protestant cemetery, which is no longer used today. The secondary use of Roman stones for buildings in the area over the centuries has ensured that hardly anything is noticeable in the area. In ancient times, the fort could have played a strategically important role, since - if you disregard Livezile Castle, which is only seven kilometers away as the crow flies and only used temporarily - it covers the approximately 85-kilometer stretch between Ilișua Castle and Brâncoveneşti die was the only known Roman garrison.

Research history

Dumitru Protase (* 1926), excavator of the fort

The Orheiu Bistriței fortress came into the focus of archaeologists late, even if the place was known as a place where Roman artefacts were found since the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time, Roman finds appeared again and again in the area of ​​the evangelical cemetery of the community, which the pastor Martin Textoris had collected but did not know how to interpret correctly. In the first half of the 19th century, the place was only mentioned sporadically in connection with the Roman road or as a place where Roman objects were found, but not explicitly mentioned as a possible location for a Roman military camp. It was not until Carl Gooss described in 1876 "... a Roman camp with fathom-high masonry walls". Also Károly Torma 1880 mentioned the castle when he devoted himself to the northern Dacian limes. 1898 Josef Ornstein tried the place with that in the cosmography of the geographer from Ravenna mentioned Ermerium equate Gábor Finaly used 1912 Geographike hyphegesis of Claudius Ptolemy to Arcobadara situate in Orheiu Bistriţei.

Systematic inspections or even excavations did not take place until the middle of the 20th century. István Paulovics was the first to examine this fort as part of his prospecting on the East Dakian Limes in 1942 and to deal with all of the publications that have appeared so far. The first scientific excavations took place from 1957 to 1960 and were carried out in collaboration between the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj and the Museum of Bistrița (Muzeul Județean Bistrița-Năsăud) . They were initially under the direction of Mihail Macrea and since 1958 under that of Dumitru Protase . Since then there have been no more extensive investigations in Orheiu Bistriței.

Findings

With its dimensions of 139 m by 190 m, the fort covered an area of ​​2.5 ha in its wood-earth construction phase, and in the stone construction phase with 203 m × 144 m an area of ​​around 2.9 ha. During the excavations of the Between 1957 and 1960, the storage area was examined with a total of nine sections (total length 220 m with a width of 1.20 m) and two large areas (total area 1020 square meters). The areas were laid out in the area of ​​the Principia (staff building) and the Praetorium (commandant's residence). Further exploratory cuts were made in search of the vicus .

Enclosure

The military camp was initially laid out as a wood and earth construction and was later replaced by a stone fort. It was surrounded by a defensive wall, in front of which, after a 1.85 m wide berm, there was a simple, six meters wide and 2.80 m deep pointed ditch as an obstacle to the approach. In part, the foundation of the stone wall was set precisely in the excavation pit of the wood-earth wall. At the time of the excavation, essentially only the foundations of the wall, made of river stones, were left; with one exception, the rising masonry seemed to have fallen victim to the stone robbery, which was indicated by the heavy ransacking of the area. At one point, where the rising was still fragmentary, it could be established that the wall was once 1.30 m thick and built using the technique of Opus incertum . Of the gates, the Porta principalis sinistra (left side gate) could be identified in the area, but due to the objections of the property owner it could only be insufficiently investigated. Their width was 7.40 m to 7.60 m, at a distance of 80 meters from the north-west corner of the fort.

Principia

The excavation results in the Principia from 1957–1960

The pricipia and praetorium in particular were at least partially exposed. The full dimensions of the principia could not be determined, but a total of eight rooms had to be examined more closely.

Room I had the dimensions of 5.20 m by 4 m (= almost 21 square meters) and was completely destroyed by stone robbery. Only the foundations made of river bed stones were preserved. A few shards of red and gray-black ceramics, a few iron nails, the tip of a pilum, fragments of bricks and roof tiles (some with the stamp CIH∞), a denarius of Marcus Aurelius and the handle of a bronze fibula emerged in the filling material .

The spaces II and III were a continuous, 3.10 times 2.30 m (= 7.1 sqm) measuring m Apsidenbau defined by a 0.5 m thick wall, in which a was 0.55 m wide door embedded, was divided into two rooms. The outer wall was 0.75 m thick and rested on a 0.70 m deep foundation of mortared river bed stones. The rising was still 0.30 m above the foundation. It consisted of quarry and river bed stones walled with lime mortar. The found material consisted of the same ceramics as that from the first room; in addition, an iron knife blade and iron nails, fragments of bricks and roof tiles (some with the stamp CIH∞), and a denarius of Severus Alexander in the filling material .

Room IV was almost square with its dimensions of 5.20 m by 5.10 m (= 26.5 square meters) and connected to rooms I to III. This space could only be measured along the destroyed walls, an excavation inside was not carried out. The find material consisted of red ceramic shards, brick and brick fragments, an iron knife blade and a few iron nails. Next to the wall a denarius of Severus Alexander came to light.

The rectangular room V had the dimensions of 4.30 m by 3.60 m (= 15.5 square meters) and was also badly destroyed. The rising masonry was completely demolished. During the excavation inside the room, red ceramics, several iron nails, a bronze key, fragments of roof tiles and bricks, and a badly damaged potin coin , which probably dates from the second half of the third century, were found.

Room VI is to be addressed as a hallway due to its elongated dimensions of 5.20 m by 1.70 m (= 8.8 square meters). Its stone walls were almost completely destroyed. Their foundations consisted of river bed stones. In addition to red ceramics and the usual iron nails, bronze fittings were found in this room.

The rooms VII and VIII were the largest excavated rooms of the Principia. Room VII covered an area of ​​34.3 square meters with its dimensions of 7.80 m by 4.40 m, room VIII with its dimensions of 8 m (+?) By 4.40 m even took up at least 35 m2 square meters. Unfortunately, the rooms were considerably destroyed. The walls were partially broken into the foundations. The excavation in this area could not be completed either. In his 2007 publication on the fort, the excavator expressed the hope that the entire Principia could be exposed in a future excavation in order to understand all connections.

In the entire Principia, as far as it was excavated, there was no evidence of hypocaust structures , except in the apsidal building (rooms II and III) . Nor could an older timber construction phase be identified. However, in some places the foundations of the outer walls stood on a layer of rubble, which does not make a second construction phase unlikely. The building was oriented to the northeast towards the Porta Praetoria .

Praetorium

The praetorium was south of the principia . In its final construction phase, it consisted of a total of 18 rooms, which were identified during the excavation campaigns from 1957 to 1960 and 16 of which were documented.

The rooms I and II were a matched ensemble. Room I was located in the southwest corner of the building complex and, with its dimensions of 8.70 m by 4.20 m, took up an area of ​​36.5 square meters. Within this total area, room II formed a separate room of 2.60 m by 1.70 m (= 4.4 square meters), which was used solely to accommodate a basin with a floor made of Opus signinum . Room I was completely hypocausted, the praefurnium was directly to the west, outside the building. The suspensura (underfloor heating) consisted of 15 times six to seven square brick pillars . For each pillar, five smaller (15 cm by 15 cm by 7 cm) stones were placed on a larger one (26 cm by 26 cm by 7 cm). The pillars stood on a layer of fine gravel, under which there was a layer of mortar, which in turn lay on a thick layer of river bed stones above the natural ground. A peculiarity was that the floor was not made of brick slabs, but of wooden planks on which a 17 to 18 cm thick layer of brick gravel, lime and sand had been applied. A heating duct made of bricks and ceramic pipes led through the north wall to room VI and through the east wall to room III, from which the hot air was distributed to the adjoining rooms.

The areas III, IV and V correspond in function to the space and II contained only one pool from Opus signinum . Room III was 4.4 square meters at 2.60 m by 1.70 m, room IV was 4.5 square meters with 2.6 m by 1.8 m. Room V was a corridor between Room I and Room VIII and measured 3 m by 1.6 m (= 4.8 square meters). Its floor was covered with large tiles, twelve of which were stamped CIH∞ on the side facing up. All three rooms were located next to each other to the east of room I in a narrow room line running from north to south, which separated room I from room VIII.

Room VI was an almost square, hypocausted room, the hot air of which was introduced from room I to the south. With its dimensions of over four meters on a side, it covered an area of ​​more than 16 square meters. The structure and dimensions of the hypocaust pillars as well as the construction technique of the floor of the suspensura corresponded to those of room I. A Sestertius of Lucius Verus was found in the center of the room, a denarius of Severus Alexander in the heating duct .

The space VII was in the north-south alignment with the spaces III to V, where he joined north of space V. It had a square floor plan with a side length of 2.50 m (= 6.25 square meters) and had no hypocaust. However, it was crossed by a hot air duct that came from room VIII to the east and carried the hot air via room VII into room XIV, also to the east.

The large room VIII gave the impression of a hall. It had a floor area of ​​51 square meters (8.50 m by 6.00 m). He was hypocausted and drew his hot air from room III to the west and, in turn, passed the heat on to room IX to the south. Its floor was made of Opus signinum . A Sestertius by Faustina the Elder was found in the finds .

Room IX was the southernmost room of the building, immediately following room VIII. With its dimensions of 4.50 m by 3.50 m, it covered an area of ​​almost 16 square meters. The room was equipped with a hypocaust system, the hot air of which was introduced from room VIII. Some of the nipples from Tegulae mammatae and an ace from Trajan were found .

The spaces X, XI and XII were in this order in a line running from east to west flight west of the area VI and north of the area I. They were all not equipped with underfloor heating. Rooms X and XI originally formed a unit and were only later divided into two separate rooms by installing a partition. After the separation, room X measured 4 m by 2.80 m (= 11 square meters). The separated room XI formed a corridor with its dimensions of 4 m by 1.5 m. In his finds was a Sestertius of Iulia Paula . Room XII was in the northwest corner of the building and was 7.8 square meters (3.40 m by 2.30 m).

Room XIII was a corridor (2.50 m by 1.10 m = 2.75 square meters) that connected rooms VI and XIV.

The spaces XIV and XV formed extending in the east-west direction to the north alignment of the hall VIII. XIV space measured 4.00 m by 2.40 (= 9.60 square meters). It was reached from the heating duct and heated by means of wall heating, which is indicated by the finds of Tegulae mammatae fragments. Part of the finds in this room was a denarius of Septimius Severus . Room XV was a hallway 1.90 m wide and at least 5.00 m long (= 9.5 square meters), which connected room XV with room XVI. Its eastern end was outside the possible excavation area and could therefore no longer be reached. A denarius of Severus Alexander was recovered from his finds.

Room XVI was the most easterly room of the facility and with its dimensions of 8 m by at least 5 m (= 40 square meters) the second largest of the facility. Unfortunately, he was also badly messed up. A few bricks indicated the existence of underfloor heating. Among other things, a bronze brooch was found in the finds.

The praetorium was a total of 15 meters wide, the length can only be estimated at approximately 34 meters, resulting in a total area of ​​around 510 square meters. The building had two phases of stone construction. The western half appears to be older and possibly still belong to the wood-earth fort phase, while the eastern half was added later.

Brick kiln

In search of traces of a vicus , a brick kiln was discovered more or less by chance in 1959 and completely uncovered in 1960. The furnace is about 600 meters to the northwest from the fort. It is located on the western side of the Budacu Valley, about 100 m south of the road to Petriș at the foot of Mount Pietrosu. The stove opened in a horseshoe to the southwest. Its total area of ​​3.0 m by 2.60 m was divided into two equally sized combustion chambers by a partition. It was built on the ground without a foundation. The fact that it was erected against the mountain and thus found itself in a basin gave it the necessary support and stability. The 0.35 m to 0.40 m thick walls are made of river bed stones connected with clay. The bricks that were made in this kiln were all unmarked. Their length ranged between 15 cm and 30 cm, their width between 15 cm and 29 cm and their height between 5 cm and 10 cm. All these brick dimensions were also found in the principia and praetorium , proving that this kiln produced for the needs of the fort and possibly its vicus as well. Only bricks were made in it, so it is quite conceivable that there is another, as yet undiscovered furnace that specialized in the production of roof and hollow tiles.

Finds

The finds from the excavations at the end of the 1950s were not very extensive in quantitative terms. This may be due to the stone robbery for secondary use in a village several centuries old. Older finds have largely been lost or scattered.

Epigraphic finds

No stone inscriptions were found during the excavations and no secondary inscription stones could be identified in the village. Only two inscription stones are known to have been discovered more than a century ago. The first is a fragmentary tombstone that was erected for a young person who died at the age of 16. The surviving text is ... [an] nis XVI ... tina [pienti] ssima ... . The second inscription, possibly related to the Orheiu Bistriței garrison, is on a votive hand kept in Myszków (Silesian Voivodeship). The inscription reads I (ovi) O (ptimo) M (aximo) Doliceno [sic!] Gaius optio c (o) h (ortis) I Hisp (anorum) ∞ v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) m ( erito) . The inscription was dedicated to Jupiter Optimus Maximus Dolicenus [sic!] By a non-commissioned officer (Optio) named Gaius. Gaius was a member of the Cohors I Hispanorum milliaria . The find could be linked to the first Marcomannic War , when Marcus Aurelius defended the Dacian provinces against the invaded Bastarnen and Dacians .

A total of 18 imprinted brick stamps without a cartridge with the embossing CIH∞ were found in the Principia and the Praetorium . The letters were 6 cm to 6.50 cm high, the length of the impressions was 15 cm to 16 cm. The stamps can be of the Cohors I Hispanorum milliaria c. Assign R. equitata, which was stationed in Orheiu Bistriței and cannot be detected in any other place in Roman Dacia.

Coins

In the course of the excavation campaigns from 1957 to 1960, a total of twelve coins were found, ten of which could be identified:

Embossing Type Dating Principia Praetorium Fort annotation
Trajan (98-117) As 98-117 Room IX difficult to determine
Antoninus Pius (138-161) 1.) Sestertius (for Faustina)
2.) Denarius (for Marcus Aurelius Caesar)		 140-161 2.) Room I 1.) Room VIII 1.) RIC III, p. 165, no. 1146 A
2.) RIC III, p. 79, no. 424 (a)
Lucius Verus (161-169) Sestertius 161-169 Room VI
Septimius Severus (193-211) Denarius 200-202 Room XIV RIC IV, 1, pp. 110-111
Caracalla (212-217) Denarius 213 Section IX RIC IV, 1, p. 241, No. 208
Elagabal (218-222) Sesterius (for Iulia Paula) 219-220 Room XI RIC IV, 2, p. 59, No. 381
Severus Alexander (222-235) 1.) Denarius
2.) Denarius
3.) Denarius		 1.) 223
2.) 222–228
3.) 229		 1.) Room IV 2.) Room VI
3.) Room XIV		 1.) RIC IV, 2, p. 73, no. 23
2.) RIC IV, 2, p. 81, no. 133
3.) RIC IV, 2, p. 77, no. 92
Indefinite 1.) Denarius
2.) Denarius		 1.) 1st half of 3rd century
2.) 1st half of 3rd century		 2.) Room III 1.) Room XIII Heavily corroded surfaces

Fibulae

A total of only three primers were found, one in the Principia and two in the Praetorium . From room I of the Principia comes the bracket of a bronze brooch with folded foot, in which the needle, the spring, most of the foot and one or two coil turns of the bracket base were no longer present. It was dated to the first half of the third century. A T-shaped bronze brooch with a curved bracket and short arms was found in room I of the Praetorium. The temple has facets and two buttons. The fibula foot was broken at the tip. It could be dated from the end of the second to the beginning of the third century. Finally, from room XVI comes a bronze knee fibula with a spring made up of eight coil windings, which lies in an incompletely closed roll so that the lower part of the spring is visible. The needle is missing and the needle holder is broken. It dates from a period between 170 and 220.

Ceramics

The pottery, which made up the majority of the finds, was roughly divided into two groups. The largest part was made up of Roman products, with imported terra sigillata being completely absent. But there were also a number of local Dacian goods.

Dacian ceramics consisted entirely of coarse, hand-turned material, fine Dacian ceramics were completely absent. Except for a whole cup, the vessels were only fragmentary. The rough Dacian material was not made in pottery centers, but by village potters or by individuals for domestic use. The fact that it was found in association with Roman finds indicates that the population of Dacian origin also stayed in the camp. The mentioned cup is remarkable from the context of the find insofar as it was found standing upright in the upper area of ​​the filling of the Principia building II and covered with a lid of Roman origin, surrounded by numerous other Roman finds made of ceramics, glass and metal. The cup was 7.1 cm high and had a base diameter of 8.6 cm (with a thickness of 12 mm) and an edge diameter of 15 cm (with a wall thickness of 7 mm). An extremely rough handle was attached to the outside. There was only black earth inside the cup.

The dominant ceramics of Roman provenance can be divided into four sub-groups:

  • High-quality, disc-turned and well-fired fine goods made of mostly undecorated, brick-red ceramics of different shapes and purposes (bowls, bowls, plates, pots, trays, jugs, jugs, bowls, mortaria, game stones and an ornate saucepan handle).
  • A few fragments of fine, disk-turned and stamped brick-red goods with embossed ornaments.
  • Some fragments (a couple of larger vessels and the base of a bowl) of fine gray turntable ceramic made from good and well-fired clay.
  • Gray-black ceramic, turned on the disc, made of impure and inconsistent fired clay. All in all a simple product intended for everyday use. The range of shapes was essentially limited to pots without handles with circular handles and lids.

The first three groups are likely to have been made in pottery centers in the Dacian provinces, while the last group is more likely to have been made in local pottery.

Metal finds

The metal finds covered the expected spectrum. Nails of all sizes and shapes were found in the entire fort area, due to the focus of the excavations, most of course come from the Principia and the Praetorium . A total of four bronze bowls came from these two buildings. Sandal nails, several knife blades and three fully preserved knives were also found in the praetorium. From the rest of the fort area came a pickaxe and a hammer, the eyelet of a scythe, as well as a couple of arrow, hasta and pilum points .

Hoard from 1909

As early as 1909, the then village pastor Johann Dienesch discovered a hoard and then handed it over to the Saxon high school in Bistritz. He had discovered the hoard during renovation and expansion work on the Protestant church in the north-west corner of the fort. As a result of the turmoil of the war in autumn 1944, the objects in the grammar school collection were scattered, some of them were permanently lost, while others ended up in private collections. According to the inventory book of the high school collection, it must have been a rich depot of Roman artefacts, consisting of agricultural (a spade, two hoes, six scythes) and handicraft tools (two dechs, an ax and a chisel), as well as lance tips and a ram and other items for household use. Some of the finds came to the Bistritz Museum in 1952. Corneliu Gaiu was able to identify nine objects, a carafe, a saucepan and a bowl made of bronze, as well as a ploughshare, an ax and four iron scythes. The construction of the depot was dated to the second century and was associated with the Marcomann Wars.

troops

In Orheiu Bistriței, the Cohors I Flavia Hispanorum milliaria, represented by numerous brick stamps, was inscribed . However , there was no evidence of the presence of the Cohors I Ubiorum , Ala I Illyricorum and Cohors I Alpinorum equitata , which were speculatively assumed in the older literature . These troops were outside the province of Dacia Porolissensis , possibly in the northeastern area of ​​the Dacia superior .

Limes course between the Orheiu Bistriței fort and the Brâncoveneşti fort

Surname Description / condition
Orheiu Bistriței Castle see above
Small fort / Burgus Not visible, locked the valley of the Șieuț. Immediately in the border area to the Barbaricum.
Watchtower Monor Superficially noticeable round structure that was destroyed by severe deforestation. Immediately in the border area to the Barbaricum.
Watchtower Vălenii de Mureș Not visible, around 2.5 km northeast of the Brâncoveneşti castle. Immediately in the border area to the Barbaricum.
Brâncoveneşti Castle see main article Brâncoveneşti Castle

Monument protection

The entire archaeological site and in particular the castle are protected as historical monuments according to Law No. 422/2001 passed in 2001 and are registered with the LMI code BN-IsA-01377 in the national list of historical monuments (Lista Monumentelor Istorice) . Responsible is the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerul Culturii şi Patrimoniului Naţional), in particular the General Directorate for National Cultural Heritage, the Department of Fine Arts and the National Commission for Historical Monuments and other institutions subordinate to the Ministry. Unauthorized excavations and the export of ancient objects are prohibited in Romania.

See also

literature

  • Nicolae Gudea : The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story . In: Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 44 (1997), pp. 55f., ( Digitized version ).
  • Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 86f.
  • Florian Matei-Popescu: Trupele auxiliare pe limesul estic al Daciei. Stadiul problemei . ANGVSTIA, Studii şi cercetări de Arheologie 17–18 (2014), pp. 205–216, here p. 206, ( digitized version ).
  • Florian Matei-Popescu and Ovidiu Ţentea: The Eastern Frontier of Dacia. A Gazetteer of the Forts and Units . In: Vitalie Bârcă (ed.): Orbis Romanus and Barbaricum. The Barbarians around the Province of Dacia and Their Relations with the Roman Empire . Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2016, pp. 7-24, ( digitized ).
  • Dumitru Protase: The Roman fort of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), pp. 112-173.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Route / section / fort number (based on Nicolae Gudea , 1997).
  2. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), p. 113f. as well as Fig. 1 and 2.
  3. ↑ Hanspeter Zehner (Ed.): Heimatbuch Burghalle. The story of a German community in the Budaktal in northern Transylvania . Self-published, Wiehl 1990, p. 15.
  4. ↑ Carl Gooss: Chronicle of the archaeological finds of Transylvania . Association for Transylvanian Regional Studies, Closius, Hermannstadt 1876, p. 69., ( digitized from Google Books ).
  5. ^ Károly Torma: A limes Dacicus felsă resze . Budapest 1880, p. 118.
  6. ↑ Josef Ornstein: To determine the borders of Daciens in Transylvania . Gherla, Szamosujvár 1898.
  7. ↑ Gábor Finaly: Magyarország a rómaiak alatt című fali térkép magyarázata. Magyar Földrajzi Intézet, Budapest 1912, p. 24.
  8. ↑ István Paulovics: Dacia keleti határvonala és az ugynevezet “dák” -ezüstkincsek kérdése . Kolozsvár 1944, pp. 3 and 19–23.
  9. ↑ Faculty of History and Philosophy on the official website of the at Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj (German), accessed on December 9, 2018.
  10. ↑ Official website of the Muzeul Județean Bistrița-Năsăud (Romanian), accessed on December 9, 2018.
  11. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), p. 112f.
  12. ↑ a b Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story . In: Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 44 (1997), pp. 55f., ( Digitized version ).
  13. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), pp. 114–116, and Figs. 8 to 10.
  14. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), pp. 120f. and 130f. and Fig. 16.
  15. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), pp. 116 and 117–120, as well as Figs. 11 to 15.
  16. ↑ In detail: 15x15x5, 15x15x7, 17x17x10, 17.5x17.5x6, 18x18x10, 20x20x8, 20x20x10, 25x25x4, 26x26x7, 27x26x6, 29x29x6 and 30x27x5.5 cm.
  17. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), pp. 117 and 121f. as well as Fig. 6 and 7.
  18. ↑ CIL III, 7624
  19. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), p. 123 and Table IV,
  20. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), p. 123f.
  21. ↑ Sorin Cociş: Fibule din Dacia Romana . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2004, pp. 142-147 and 218, and plate CXXXIV / 1853.
  22. ↑ Sorin Cociş: Fibule din Dacia Romana . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2004, pp. 148–154 and plate CLII / 2072.
  23. ↑ Sorin Cociş: Fibule din Dacia Romana . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2004, pp. 88-95 as well as panels LXVI / 993 and LXVII / 1005.
  24. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), p. 124 and Fig. 17.
  25. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), pp. 124–128 and panels V to XXVI.
  26. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), p. 128, fig. 18 and panels I to III.
  27. ↑ Corneliu Gaiu: Un depozit de antichitáți romane de la Orheiu Bistriței . In: Marmatia 8/1 (2005), pp. 215-225.
  28. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman fort of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), p. 128 and Figs. 19 to 21.
  29. ↑ Florian Matei-Popescu and Ovidiu Ţentea: The Eastern Frontier of Dacia. A Gazetteer of the Forts and Units . In: Vitalie Bârcă (ed.): Orbis Romanus and Barbaricum. The Barbarians around the Province of Dacia and Their Relations with the Roman Empire . Mega Publishing House, Cluj ‑ Napoca 2016, ISBN 978-606-543-755-5 , pp. 7–24, here: p. 9.
  30. ↑ Dumitru Protase: The Roman castle of Orheiu Bistriţei . In: Revista Bistriţei, XXI / 1 (2007), p. 128f.
  31. ↑ At 47 ° 1 ′ 19.6 ″  N , 24 ° 43 ′ 6.5 ″  E
  32. ↑ Szilamer Pánczél: Dacia keleti limese. A tájban élő történelem . In: Varak (2015), ISSN  1786-7150 , pp. 94-97, ( digitalisat ).
  33. ↑ At 46 ° 56 ′ 51 ″  N , 24 ° 42 ′ 2.3 ″  E
  34. ↑ RO059 on limesromania.ro (Romanian, English), accessed December 9, 2018.
  35. ↑ At 46 ° 52 ′ 29.6 ″  N , 24 ° 47 ′ 25.6 ″  E
  36. ↑ At 46 ° 51 ′ 41.45 ″  N , 24 ° 45 ′ 57.75 ″  E
  37. ↑ List of historical monuments on the website of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage