Arcobara

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Arcobara
Alternative name Ilișua Castle
limes Dacian Limes
Dating (occupancy) A) 106/107 to around 114
B) 114 to Hadrianic time
C) Hadrianic time to 3rd century
Type Auxiliary fort
unit A) Cohors II Britannorum
B) -C) Ala I Tungrorum Frontoniana
size A) 120 m × 135 m = 1.62 ha
B) 183 m × 175 m = 3.2 ha
C. a) 182 m × 182 m = 3.31 ha
C. b) 180 m × 187 m = 3.37 ha
Construction A) Wood-earth warehouse
B) Wood-earth warehouse
C) Stone fort
place Ilișua
Geographical location 47 ° 12 '37.9 "  N , 24 ° 5' 43.3"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 12 '37.9 "  N , 24 ° 5' 43.3"  E
height 267  m
Previous Cășeiu Castle
(west, A / VI / 28)
Subsequently Livezile Castle
(east, A / VI / 30)
The Dacian Limites

Arcobara , also known as Ilișua Castle , was an ancient Roman auxiliary camp in the village of Ilișua , Uriu municipality, Bistrița-Năsăud county in the Romanian region of Transylvania .

Sources and Etymology

The name Arcobara was already recorded in the Geographike Hyphegesis of Claudius Ptolemy in the Greek spelling Aκοβαρα . His identification with the Ilișua castle was achieved in 1989 when an altar dated to 246 was found in the auxiliary vicus. The name is probably of Dacian origin, with the suffix - bara probably meaning “village”.

location

In ancient times, Arcobara was located south of the Breaza Pass, which led from the Roman province into Barbaricum and was supervised by the castle garrison. Topographically / geologically it was located on a high terrace north of Someș . In today's settlement, the soil monument is about half a kilometer south-southeast of the village of Ilișua in the Oräsel corridor . Hardly any traces of the fort have survived, only a square that protrudes slightly from the normal walking level can be seen in the terrain.

Archaeological evidence

The site has been known since 1858/1859. Even Károly Torma (1829-1897) had conducted research there in years 1858 and 1862nd Scientifically sound archaeological excavations took place under the direction of Dumitru Protase from 1978 to 1990. Three construction phases and a repair / expansion phase could be differentiated.

Small wood-earth warehouse

The earliest construction was that of the so-called small wood-earth store. This fort has a rectangular floor plan with axes of 120 m by 135 m, which corresponds to a floor area of ​​1.62 hectares. The wood-earth wall was surrounded by two trenches as obstacles to approach. The camp was established in the early occupation period (around 106/107). The crew is unsecured, but it was probably the Cohors II Britannorum .

Large wood-earth warehouse

Around the year 114 the small wood-earth warehouse was replaced by the so-called large wood-earth warehouse. This had a rectangular floor plan measuring 183 m by 175 m. Its sides were oriented in the four cardinal directions. This time, too, there were two trenches in front of the wood-earth wall. From 114 onwards, the fort crew was probably the Ala I Tungrorum Frontoniana .

Stone fort

In Hadrianic times the wood-earth camp was replaced by a stone fort. In its first period the stone fort had a square plan of 182 m by 182 m (corresponds to 3.31 hectares) and in its second period a rectangular plan of 180 m by 187 m, which corresponds to a base area of ​​3.37 hectares. It had the same orientation as in the last wood-earth construction phase. It was surrounded by a 1.50 m thick wall in the technique of Opus incertum . The military camp had trapezoidal, slightly protruding corner towers. The Portae principales (side gates) and the Porta decumana (rear gate) had double passages with a total width of ten meters. The Principia and a horreum (storage building) could be identified from the interior structures. The construction of the fort was documented by a building inscription for Hadrian . The construction and core team of the camp was the Ala I Tungrorum Frontoniana , who had already been stationed in the large wood-earth camp.

Vicus

To the south of the fort there was an extensive vicus , the civilian settlement that can be found at almost every Roman military camp and which housed the living quarters of the relatives of soldiers, veterans, craftsmen, traders, innkeepers, prostitutes and other service providers. Two thermal baths have been identified and partially explored within the vicus.

Limes course

The Limes Porolissensis, which is expanded with watchtowers and small forts, runs around eleven kilometers as the crow flies north of the Ilișua fort. To date, 14 different Limes structures have been identified east of the north-south axis between the fort and the Limes.

No. Name / type place Description / condition
RO025 Ilișua Castle see above
RO032 Watchtower Ciceu-Poieni , Vârful Osoiului The tower site, which has already been archaeologically examined, can be perceived on the surface of the site through a square structure. During the investigations, only one construction phase could be identified. The tower was surrounded by an earth wall.
RO036 Watchtower Dobricel , Rângoiță The ruins were destroyed by stone robbery and the structures by agricultural work.
RO037 Watchtower Dobricel, Vârful Lazului The slightly conical ruin has been preserved in a fairly good condition. The moat surrounding the tower and the earth wall are visible in the area.
RO038 Watchtower Dobricel, Locul Fătului Completely destroyed by agricultural work.
RO039 Watchtower Sita , Casa Urieșilor Exceptionally well preserved, can be clearly seen on the surface thanks to its round stone structure.
RO040 Watchtower Perișor , Turnu 'Popii Relatively newly discovered tower site. About 10% of the tower has been destroyed by agricultural work, but the ruins as a whole are still well preserved. The round structure through stones and bricks is very clearly visible on the surface.
RO041 Watchtower Perișor, Corobană Completely overgrown by vegetation, but probably still intact.
RO042 Small fort Perișor, Comoară Completely destroyed.
RO043 Watchtower Perișor, Vârful Zgăului The tower site was archaeologically examined in the 1960s. She was hit by stone robbery. The ruins and their foundations as well as the moat surrounding the tower and the traces of intervention are still partially visible in the area.
RO044 Watchtower Perișor, Vârful Colnicului The ruin is covered with vegetation and seems to have been completely preserved.
RO045 Watchtower Zagra , Dealul Ciorilor The ruins of the tower have been preserved and are covered by some vegetation, although they are located near a recent village.
RO046 Watchtower Salva , Dealul Belei The ruin was completely destroyed by stone robbery, and the excavated pits were filled with earth and stones.
RO047 Watchtower Salva, Roata lui Todoran The tower ruin is located within a cemetery and is well preserved. Apart from the introduction of a memorial cross in the tower moat, there were no other abnormalities.
RO048 Small fort Salva, Cetățea The site has largely been preserved, as there are many stones and shards that made agricultural work there difficult or impossible. Apart from the agricultural activities, there was no soil encroachment in this area.
RO049 Watchtower Salva, Dealul Dumbravă Traces of a wooden tower overgrown by vegetation and the ditch surrounding it.
RO050 Livezile Castle Livezile see main article Kastell Livezile

Lost property and monument protection

The finds from the archaeological excavations in Ilișua are kept in the Muzeul de Istorie a Transilvaniei (Historical Museum of Transylvania) in Cluj-Napoca , and in the Muzeul Judercean Bistrita-Näsäud (Bistrita-Näsäud District Museum) in Bistrita.

The entire archaeological site and in particular the castle are protected as historical monuments according to Law No. 422/2001 passed in 2001 and are registered with the LMI code BN-IsA-01354 in the national list of historical monuments (Lista Monumentelor Istorice) . Responsible is the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerul Culturii şi Patrimoniului Naţional), in particular the General Directorate for National Cultural Heritage, the Department of Fine Arts and the National Commission for Historical Monuments and other institutions subordinate to the Ministry. Unauthorized excavations and the export of ancient objects are prohibited in Romania.

See also

literature

  • Dan Dana, Corneliu Gaiu and Radu Zăgreanu: Un nou duplicarius din ala I Tungrorum Frontoniana atestat pe un vas descoperit în castrul roman de la Arcobara / Ilişua . In: Revista Bistritei XXVI / 2012, pp. 49–56, ( digitized ).
  • Corneliu Gaiu and Radu Zăgreanu: Inscripţii şi piese sculpturale din castrul roman de la Ilişua . Ed. Accent, Cluj-Napoca, 2012.
  • Nicolae Gudea : The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story . In: Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 44 (1997), p. 53f., ( Digitized version ).
  • Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 79-86.
  • Sorin Nemeti, Mihai Bărbulescu : Arcobadara. In: Latomus. Volume 69, 2010, pp. 446-455 and Plate VII, ( digitized ).
  • Radu Zagreanu: Proiectile de piatră din castrul roman de la Arcobadara / Roman stone projectiles from the roman fort of Arcobadara. In: Revista Bistriţei. Badn 26, 2013, Editura Accent, Cluj-Napoca 2013, ISSN  1222-5096 , pp. 63-71.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b CIL 03, 08074, 11b .
  2. ↑ a b c AE 2010, 01362 (dating 144/146), AE 2013, 01285 , AE 2013, 01284 , CIL 03, 00787 , CIL 03, 00788 , CIL 03, 00789 , CIL 03, 00793 , CIL 03, 00795 ( Dating 213), CIL 03, 00797 (dating 222/235), CIL 03, 00798 (dating 226/235), CIL 03, 00799 , CIL 03, 00801 , CIL 03, 00802 , CIL 03, 00805 , CIL 03, 00806 , CIL 03, 00807 , CIL 03, 00808 , CIL 03, 00809 , CIL 03, 00811 , CIL 03, 00814 , CIL 03, 01633,01a , CIL 03, 01633,01b , online , online , online , online , online , online (dating 144/146), online (dating 154/156) and online (dating 155).
  3. ^ Dan Dana, Sorin Nemeti: Ptolémée et la toponymie de la Dacie (I). In: Classica et Christiana. 7/2, 2012, pp. 431–437, ( digitized version ).
  4. ↑ Reading from Dana / Nemeti (2012): [Geni] o terri | [tor (ii) A] rcoba (darensis) | M (arcus)? Au] r (elius) Sal (---) | [et P (ublius)? A] el (ius) No | [---] s magg (istri), | [Praese] nte et Al | [bin (o)] co (n) s (ulibus).
  5. ^ Dan Augustin Deac: The toponymy of Dacia porolissensis. Recent research and new approaches. In: Ephemeris Napocensis. 23, 2013, pp. 261–270, ( digitized version ).
  6. ↑ a b c Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum Mainz. Volume 44, 1997, p. 53, ( digitized version ).
  7. ↑ Károly Torma: Az. Erdélyi Múseum - Egylet Évkönyvei 3. Cluj 1865, pp. 10–67.
  8. ↑ a b c d Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story . In: Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 44 (1997), p. 54, ( digitized version ).
  9. ↑ References RO025 and RO036 to RO050 on the website limesromania.ro of the National Limes Program (English, Romanian), accessed on January 10, 2019.
  10. ↑ At 47 ° 11 ′ 2.3 ″  N , 24 ° 34 ′ 31.1 ″  E
  11. ↑ List of historical monuments on the website of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage