Cășeiu Castle

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Cășeiu Castle
Alternative name Samum
limes Dacian Limes
section A / VI / 28
Dating (occupancy) A) 101/102 to 211/217
211/217 to 270/275
Type A) Cohort fort
B) Cohort fort
C) Beneficiary station
unit A) Cohors II Britannorum (?)
B) Cohors I Britannica
Cohors II Britannorum (?)
size A) unsecured
B) 165 × 165 m
C) unknown
Construction A) Wood and earth warehouse
B) Stone fort
C) unknown
place Cășeiu
Geographical location 47 ° 11 '10.4 "  N , 23 ° 50' 15.5"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 11 '10.4 "  N , 23 ° 50' 15.5"  E
height 241  m
Previous Tihău Castle
(west, A / VI / 27)
Subsequently Ilișua Castle
(east, A / VI / 29)
Backwards Fort Gherla
(south, B / 97)
Samum on the Dacian Limes

Fort Căşeiu (ancient name Samum ) was a Roman auxiliary troop camp in what is now the municipality of Căşeiu (Hungarian Alsókosály ) in the Cluj district in the Transylvania region in Romania .

location

Approximately one and a half kilometers southwest of the village Caseiu, at the mouth of the creek Sălătruc in the Somes (Somes) located the castle of monitoring the movement of goods on the Somes in the north who served Dacian province Dacia Porolissensis . In today's settlement the castle is located on the area called Cetătele by the locals .

Archaeological evidence

Archaeological investigations took place in 1925/1926 under the direction of Petre P. Panaitescu, between 1980 and 1982 under Dan Isac and between 1994 by Dan Isac and Adriana Isacu. Two construction phases and a repair phase could be differentiated.

Wood-earth warehouse

In the first construction phase, the warehouse was oriented with its corners in the four cardinal directions. It was surrounded by a 8.50 m wide and 1.45 m high wood-earth wall, in front of which there were two trenches as obstacles to approach. The exact dimensions could no longer be determined, but they must have roughly corresponded to those of the following stone construction phase. The establishment of the wood-earth camp, presumably by the Cohors II Britannorum , could be dated to the early occupation period (around 101/102).

Stone fort

Presumably under Caracalla (211 to 217) the wood-earth camp was replaced by a stone fort. The building, with a square ground plan of 165 meters and rounded corners, was surrounded by a one and a half meter thick stone wall in the technique of Opus incertum , with semicircular protruding side and gate towers (5 × 8 m), trapezoidal corner towers (10 × 2 × 2 × 12.5 m) and eight and a half meters wide side gates ( Porta principalis sinistra and Porta principalis dextra ) with double passages. In contrast, the main gate (Porta praetoria) and the rear gate (Porta decumana) only allowed passage widths of 4.50 m and 3.50 m respectively. Like the wood-earth camp, the stone fort was also oriented with its corners in the four cardinal directions. When it was built, the trench of the previous structure was filled in, and the stone wall was built exactly over this backfill. This structural error soon led to the need for repairs, which also affected the gate and side towers.

Some buildings could be identified in the interior of the fort. The Principia (staff building) covered an area of ​​720 m² with their dimensions of 24 m by 30 m and had an atrium . To the right of the principia was the praetorium (commandant's residence). In the praetentura (front half of the camp) a total of five crew barracks were identified, which were constructed from unfired clay. In the right half of the fort there was a horreum (storage building).

The establishment of the fort was presumably carried out by the Cohors I Britannica , which also became the regular cast of the fort in the period that followed. The Roman military camp came to an end in connection with the abandonment of the Dacian provinces under Aurelian (270 to 275).

Vicus

The vicus , the civilian settlement, stretched to the west and east of the fort , in which the living quarters of the relatives of soldiers, veterans, craftsmen, traders, innkeepers, prostitutes and other service providers were located.

Benefit station

In addition to the cohort fort, there must have been a beneficiary station in Cășeiu , as evidenced by the large number of dedicatory inscriptions.

Limes course

The Limes Porolissensis, which is expanded with watchtowers and small forts, runs around twelve kilometers as the crow flies north of the Cășeiu fort. To the east of the north-south running valley between the fort and the Limes, 10 different Limes structures have been identified so far.

No. Name / type place Description / condition
RO077 Cășeiu Castle Cășeiu see above
RO026 Watchtower Chiueşti, Muncelul Chiueştiului The foundation of the tower is well preserved and visible in the area. On the surface there are plenty of ceramic shards and air-dried bricks.
RO024 Watchtower Ciceu-Corabia, Ponița The tower site was completely excavated, with several construction phases and an annex building being documented. The spectrum of finds ranged from the early second to the late third century. There were no post-Roman strata. The wall and ditch system surrounding the tower was preserved.
RO031 Watchtower Ciceu-Poieni, Dealul Podului Conical tower that is 20% damaged by deforestation.
RO087 Watchtower Negreni, Podireu Watchtower clearly advanced to the north from the Limes line. Destroyed without prior documentation. The exact position can no longer be determined, as the advanced destruction and the wild vegetation make observation impossible.
RO027 Watchtower Dumbrăveni, Vârful Runcului The ruin is very poorly preserved and its structures have been damaged by agricultural work. There are also traces of the excavations that were carried out in the early 1970s. On the surface you can see some circular shapes with strong traces of burns and few ceramic shards.
RO028 Watchtower Negrileşti, Dealul Sflederului The findings have impressive dimensions and are very well preserved. However, there are no remains of brick or stone on the surface, only a few scorch marks are noticeable.
RO029 Small fort Negrileşti, Cetatea lui Negru-Vodă In the beginning of the 19th century or earlier, several houses were built on the site, so that today hardly anything is noticeable of the structures.
RO030 Watchtower Negrileşti, Cornul Malului The ruined tower and the moat surrounding it are still visible. During investigations in the early 1970s, some Roman pottery shards were mentioned. 80% of the structures have been destroyed by heavy deforestation.
RO033 Watchtower Purcărete, Fața Carpenului The tower has a round shape. The stone masonry and moat are still visible. The structures are 10% damaged by deforestation.
RO034 Watchtower Ciceu-Poieni, Strunga Găvojdenilor Completely destroyed tower site. In 1973 the tower with a right-angled floor plan was examined; only one timber construction phase was determined.
RO035 Watchtower Ciceu-Poieni, Podul Milcoiei Completely destroyed tower. In the 1970s, the wall of the tower site was archaeologically examined.
RO025 Arcobara Ilișua see main article Arcobara

Lost property and monument protection

The archaeological finds of the place are in the Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei (National Museum of the History of Transylvania) in Cluj-Napoca ( Cluj-Napoca ) and the Muzeul Municipal (Municipal Museum) in Dej (Burglos) .

The entire archaeological site and in particular the castle are protected as historical monuments according to Law No. 422/2001 passed in 2001 and are registered with the LMI code CJ-IsB-06996.01 in the national list of historical monuments (Lista Monumentelor Istorice) . Responsible is the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerul Culturii şi Patrimoniului Naţional), in particular the General Directorate for National Cultural Heritage, the Department of Fine Arts and the National Commission for Historical Monuments and other institutions subordinate to the Ministry. Unauthorized excavations and the export of ancient objects are prohibited in Romania.

See also

literature

  • Christian Gazdac and Dan Isac: The auxiliary forts from Samum (Căseiu) and Gilău . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2007, ISBN 978-973-1868-03-5 , pp. 11-28, 51-70, 129-148, 183f., As well as panels I to III, ( digitized ).
  • Nicolae Gudea : The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, pp. 51-53, ( digitized version ).
  • Dan Isac and Felix Marcu. The troops in the castle of Cășeiu: cohors II Br (ittanorum) milliaria and cohors I Britannica milliaria cR equitata Antoniniana. Proceedings of the XVIIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Zalău. 1997.
  • Dan Isac: Castrul roman de la Samum-Cășeiu. The Roman auxiliary fort Samum-Cășeiu . Editura Napoca Star. Cluj-Napoca 2003.
  • Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 53-70.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Route / section / fort number (based on Nicolae Gudea , 1997).
  2. ↑ a b AE 2006, +01124 , AE 2004, +01183 , CIL 03, 00822 , CIL 03, 00823 , CIL 03, 00825 , CIL 03, 00826 , CIL 03, 00827 , AE 1957, 00326 , AE 1957, 00328 and AE 1957, 00329 .
  3. ↑ a b c AE 1990, 00851 .
  4. ↑ a b CIL 03, 00821 , AE 1929, 00001 , AE 1983, 00862 , online , online and online .
  5. ↑ Research reports from 1994 to 2016 on the website of the Institutul Național al Patrimoniului (Romanian), accessed on January 3, 2019.
  6. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, pp. 51-53, ( digitized version ).
  7. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 51, ( digitized version ).
  8. ↑ Casei at net4u.ro ( Memento from November 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Kastell Cășeiu at net4u.ro (Romanian)
  9. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, pp. 51f., ( Digitized version ).
  10. ↑ a b c Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 52, ( digitized version ).
  11. ↑ References RO024 to RO030, RO031, RO033 to RO035, RO077 and RO087 on the website limesromania.ro of the National Limes Program (English, Romanian), accessed on January 11, 2019.
  12. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. (PDF; 5.8 MB) Retrieved January 2, 2019 .
  13. ↑ List of historical monuments on the website of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Romanian), accessed on January 2, 2019.