Khoshuud
| Mongolian name | |
|---|---|
| Mongolian script : | |
| Transliteration: | |
| Cyrillic script : | Хошууд |
| ISO transliteration : | Hošuud |
| Transcription: | Khoshuud |
| Other spellings: | Khoshuud, Choschuten, Khoschod, Qoshoten, Quxoten |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional : | 和 碩 特 |
| Simplified : | 和 硕 特 |
| Pinyin : | Héshuòtè |
| Wade-Giles : | Ho-shuo-t'ê |
The Khoshuud or Choschuten (Mongolian: Хошууд / Choschuud) are one of the four main tribes of the Western Mongolian Oirats . The princes of the Khoshuud are descendants of Genghis Khan's third youngest brother, Khabutu Khasar († after 1218).
history
The main settlement area of the Khoshuud was in the area of the Ordos Plateau in the southern Inner Mongolia / Gansu corridor as far as northeast Tibet ( Amdo ), but in the course of the 17th century it increasingly shifted into central Tibet.
Berühmtester representatives of khoshut is the prince Gushri Khan (1607 (?) - 1655), of the Gelugpa under the fifth Dalai Lama , Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso helped to stand up to competing orders (especially the Karmapa) and its secular power over central Tibet addition to expand - the Choschuten Khanate was formed . Gushri Khan's descendants continue to regard themselves as “kings of Tibet”, but largely gave the 5th Dalai Lama and his regent a free hand in Tibetan politics. Nevertheless, neither the fifth nor the subsequent Dalai Lamas ever carried the title of king, as the term “Lama Kingdom”, which emerged in the West in the 20th century, sometimes gives credence to.
Hegemonic efforts among the various Oirate princes, the warlike effects of which were also felt in central Tibet (especially during the time of Lhabzang Khan), threatened to break the unity of the Khoshuud. The Djungarian khanate also tried to expand its influence on Tibet.
Lobsang Tendzin , a grandson of Gushri Khan, therefore tried again to unite the tribes. However, since he had the imperialist dream of Gushri Khan in mind - the re-establishment of a great khanate - he inevitably came into conflict with the already existing imperial power, the Manchu-Chinese empire . When he and his troops questioned their supremacy in open rebellion in 1723, the imperial court struck back with great severity. This marked the end of the important political role of the Khoshuud, which kept them in control of power in Tibet for almost two centuries.
A large number of Tibetan monasteries in Amdo, which had supported Lobsang Tendzin's rebellion, were also destroyed by the imperial troops - but their reconstruction was later subsidized with government funds. This began a very close connection between the most important lamas in Amdo and the imperial family, which accelerated the decline of the Khoshuud-Mongolian influence in northeastern Tibet.
Today, Mongolian groups in Qinghai can only be found in the Tsaidam Basin and a few south of the Rongwo Valley in Henan Autonomous County . The latter in particular are already very strongly Tibetan - many of them no longer speak Mongolian .
In 1709, the prince of these Khoshuud tribes in Henan visited the influential Tibetan Lama Ngawang Tsondru from Amdo in Drepung near Lhasa and asked him to return home and build a monastery there with his financial support. In doing so, he made a significant contribution to the founding and later development of the Labrang Tashi Chil large monastery, which was to become the most important Gelugpa monastery university outside of central Tibet.
Khoshuud princes in Tibet
- Gushri Khan 1634-1655
- Dayan Otschir Khan 1656–1668
- Dalai Khan 1668-1697
- Tendzin Wangchug Khan
- Lhabzang Khan 1700-1717
- Lobsang Tendzin ? –1723
See also
- Oirats
- Haplogroup (DNA) section: C3 *
literature
- Louis M. Schram: The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier. part 2, in: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 47, Philadelphia 1957, pp.1-164.
- Veronika Veit: The Mongolian peoples from the 15th century to 1691. In: Michael Weiers (Hrsg.): The Mongols. Contributions to their history and culture . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1986, pp. 379-412, ISBN 3-534-03579-8 , especially pp. 380, 405.
- Michael Weiers (Bonn): To research the history of the Mongols of the 17th century. An outlook. In: Stipes Philologiæ Asiæ Maioris (SPAM) Contributions on Philology and History of Eastern Inner Asia. No. 07 (2004) ( online version, as of May 5, 2008 ; PDF; 341 kB)
- Andreas Gruschke: The Cultural Monuments of Tibet's Outer Provinces: Amdo , 2 volumes, White Lotus Press, Bangkok 2001 ISBN 974-7534-59-2
Web links
- The Mongolian District of Henan in Qinghai (Chinese)
- Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth". Downloaded as a pdf file on December 16th, 2007. (181 kB)