Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)
| Haplogroup of the Y chromosome | |
|---|---|
| Surname | C. |
| Possible time of origin | 50,000 years |
| Possible place of origin | Asia |
| predecessor | CF |
| successor | C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 |
| Mutations | M130 / RPS4Y711, P184, P255, P260 |
| carrier | Mongols , Tungus peoples and Koreans |
Haplogroup C is a haplogroup of the Y chromosome in human genetics .
origin
Haplogroup C appears to have originated shortly after the M 168 mutation, probably 60,000 years before the present. Haplogroup C occurs in the indigenous peoples of Mongolia and northern China, in the Russian Far East, in Siberia, in Native Americans and on the Korean Peninsula . Furthermore, a widely related form occurs in Polynesia and Australia . It is believed that the haplogroup was brought to the northwestern Pacific coast of America by carriers of the Altai Na Dené culture 6,000–8,000 years before the present . Some have suggested that haplogroups C and D came to East Asia from a small population group who were the first to successfully colonize the region. However, the distribution areas of the two haplogroups differ from one another and have varying subgroups, which occur in large numbers among Vietnamese , Kazakhs , Mongols, Manchurians , Koreans and the indigenous inhabitants of the Russian Far East, while D in large numbers among Tibetans, Japanese and residents of the Andaman Islands and was not found in India or among the indigenous peoples of America and Oceania. Haplogroup C is very common in Central Asia and Siberia.
Subgroups
The subgroups of haplogroup C with their decisive mutation according to the ISOGG family tree:
_2017.png)
- C (RPS4Y [M130], M216, P184, P255, P260)
- C * was particularly in South Asia and Southeast Asia found
- C1 (M8, M105, M131, P122) occurs to a limited or limited extent in Japan , was also found in Mesolithic Europe (site La-Braña -1)
- C1 *
- C1a (P121)
- C2 (M38) Typical of Polynesians and in populations in eastern Indonesia and Melanesia
- C2 *
- C2a (formerly C2b) (M208)
- C2a *
- C2a1 (formerly C2a) (P33)
- C2a2 (P54)
-
C3 (M217, P44, PK2) in Central Asia
- C3 * Typical of Buryats , Mongols , Dauren , Kalmyks , Manchu , Xibe , Oroqen , Koryak , Itelmen ; is also found in significant numbers among other Tungus peoples , Koreans , Ainu , Niwchen , Altai , Tuwin , Uzbeks and Han
- C3a (M93) was sporadic at Japanese found
- C3b (P39) Typical of Na-Dené in North America
- C3c (M48, M77, M86) Typical of Nordtungusische peoples, Kazakhs , Oirats , Kalmyks , Outer Mongolians Yukagirs , nivkh people , Koryak , and Itelmen , with an average spread at Südtungusischen peoples inside Mongols, Buryats , Tuwinern , Yakuts , Chukchi , Kyrgyz , Uighurs , Uzbeks , Karakalpaks , and Tajiks
- C3d (M407) was sporadic at Yakuts and Han found
- C3e (P53.1)
- C3f (P62)
- C4 (M347) Typical of Aborigines
- C4 *
- C4a (formerly C4b) (M210)
- C4b (formerly C4a) (DYS390.1 del)
- C5 (M356) limited to low in South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula
- C5 *
- C5a (P92)
- C6 (P55)
See also
swell
- ↑ Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades - 2018 ( English ) ISOGG. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
- ↑ Michael F. Hammer, Tatiana M. Karafet, Hwayong Park, Keiichi Omoto, Shinji Harihara, Mark Stoneking and Satoshi Horai: Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. In: Journal of Human Genetics. Volume 51, Number 1 / January, 2006.
- ↑ Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew Hurles, Huanming Yang and Chris Tyler-Smith: Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times. In: Genetics 172: 2431-2439 (April 2006).
- ↑ Atsushi Tajima, Masanori Hayami, Katsushi Tokunaga, Takeo Juji, Masafumi Matsuo, Sangkot Marzuki, Keiichi Omoto and Satoshi Horai: Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyzes of maternal and paternal lineages. In: Journal of Human Genetics , Volume 49, Number 4 / April, 2004.
- ↑ a b Jeffrey T. Lell, Rem I. Sukernik, Yelena B. Starikovskaya, Bing Su, Li Jin, Theodore G. Schurr, Peter A. Underhill and Douglas C. Wallace : The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes . In: The American Journal of Human Genetics. Volume 70, Issue 1, 192-206, January 1, 2002.
- ^ R. Spencer Wells et al .: The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 2001 Aug 28; 98 (18): 10244-10249.
- ↑ Ivan Nasidze, Dominique Quinque, Isabelle Dupanloup, Richard Cordaux, Lyudmila Kokshunova, and Mark Stoneking: Genetic Evidence for the Mongolian Ancestry of Kalmyks. In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126: 000-000 (2005).
- ↑ a b Sanghamitra Sengupta, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Roy King, SQ Mehdi, Christopher A. Edmonds, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Alice A. Lin, Mitashree Mitra, Samir K. Sil, A. Ramesh, MV Usha Rani, Chitra M. Thakur, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Partha P. Majumder, and Peter A. Underhill: Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. In: The American Journal of Human Genetics , Volume 78, Issue 2, 202-221, February 1, 2006.
- ↑ Brigitte Pakendorf, Innokentij Novgorodov, Vladimir Osakovskij, Albina Danilova, Artur Protodjakonov, and Mark Stoneking: Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. In: Human Genetics. Volume 120, Number 3, October 2006, pp. 334-353 (20).
- ↑ VN Kharkov, VA Stepanov, OF Medvedeva, MG Spiridonova, NR Maksimova, AN Nogovitsina, and VP Puzyrev: The origin of Yakuts: Analysis of the Y-chromosome haplotypes. In: Molecular Biology. Volume 42, Number 2 / April, 2008.
Web links
- C3-M217, FTDNA
- C & C3 Y-Haplogroup project at FTDNA
- Spread of Haplogroup C , from National Geographic
| Evolution tree haplogroups Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adam of the Y chromosome | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A00 | A0'1'2'3'4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A0 | A1'2'3'4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1 | A2'3'4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2'3 | A4 = BCDEF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2 | A3 | B. | CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D. | E. | C. | F. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | IJK | H | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G1 | G2 | IJ | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I. | J | L. | K (xLT) | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I1 | I2 | J1 | J2 | M. | NO | P | S. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| N | O | Q | R. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| R1 | R2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| R1a | R1b | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||