Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)
| Haplogroup of the Y chromosome | |
|---|---|
| Surname | G |
| Possible time of origin | 14,000-30,000 years ago |
| Possible place of origin | Caucasus |
| predecessor | F. |
| successor | G1 (M285), G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2c (M377) |
| Mutations | L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257 / U6, Page94 / U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33 |
| Highest frequencies | Argyn-Kazakhs 87%, Ossetians 60%, Georgians 31%, Kabardians 29% |
In human genetics, haplogroup G is a haplogroup of the Y chromosome . It is a subgroup of F and is believed to have originated in the Middle East or South Asia , possibly in northern India , Pakistan or Afghanistan . This haplogroup originated during the Neolithic agricultural revolution and spread with equestrian nomads in the Eurasian steppe.
origin
The distribution of haplogroup G in early Europe reflects the spread of people from Asia Minor or the Caucasus and Black Sea regions into the Mediterranean region who brought agricultural knowledge with them. The ice man Ötzi, for example, had haplogroup G2a2b-L91 or, according to the classification used until 2013, G2a4-L91. 3000 years after Ötzi, the haplogroup could also have been spread by the invasion of the Sarmatians , Alans and Jaszians - all of whom are descendants of the “Iranian” Scythians . Here the thesis coincides with the historically documented spread of these peoples across the Central Asian steppe from Xinjiang in the east to the Iberian Peninsula and Tunisia in the west. In addition, the Sakas are a branch that conquered the north-west of the Indian subcontinent at the beginning of the first millennium.
Subgroups
- G*
- G1 (M285, M342)
- G1 *
- G1a (P20)
- G1b (P76)
- G2 (P287)
- G2 * -
- G2a (P15)
- G2a * -
- G2a1 (P16)
- G2a1 * -
- G2a1a (P17, P18)
- G2a2 (M286)
- G2b (M287)
- Haplogroup G2c (M377)
See also
swell
- C. Cinnioğlu, R. King et al. a .: Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. In: Human Genetics. Volume 114, Number 2, January 2004, pp. 127-148, doi : 10.1007 / s00439-003-1031-4 , PMID 14586639 .
- F. Di Giacomo, F. Luca et al. a .: Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects. In: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. Volume 28, Number 3, September 2003, pp. 387-395, PMID 12927125 .
- S. Firasat, S. Khaliq et al. a .: Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. In: European Journal of Human Genetics . Volume 15, Number 1, January 2007, pp. 121-126, doi : 10.1038 / sj.ejhg.5201726 , PMID 17047675 , PMC 2588664 (free full text).
- I. Nasidze, T. Sarkisian, et al. a .: Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome. In: Human Genetics. Volume 112, Number 3, March 2003, pp. 255-261, doi : 10.1007 / s00439-002-0874-4 , PMID 12596050 .
- I. Nasidze, D. Quinque, et al. a .: Concomitant replacement of language and mtDNA in South Caspian populations of Iran. In: Current Biology . Volume 16, Number 7, April 2006, pp. 668-673, doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2006.02.021 , PMID 16581511 .
- I. Nasidze, D. Quinque, et al. a .: Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. In: Annals of Human Genetics. Volume 68, Pt 6 November 2004, pp. 588-599, doi : 10.1046 / j.1529-8817.2004.00131.x , PMID 15598217 .
- I. Nasidze, EY Ling, et al. a .: Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus. In: Annals of Human Genetics. Volume 68, Pt 3 May 2004, pp. 205-221, doi : 10.1046 / j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x , PMID 15180701 .
- I. Nasidze, D. Quinque, et al. a .: MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groups. In: Annals of Human Genetics. Volume 69, Pt 4 July 2005, pp. 401-412, doi : 10.1046 / j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x , PMID 15996169 .
- R. Qamar, Q. Ayub, et al. a .: Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan. In: American Journal of Human Genetics . Volume 70, number 5, May 2002, pp. 1107-1124, doi : 10.1086 / 339929 , PMID 11898125 , PMC 447589 (free full text).
- M. Regueiro, AM Cadenas et al. a .: Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. In: Human Heredity. Volume 61, Number 3, 2006, pp. 132-143, doi : 10.1159 / 000093774 , PMID 16770078 .
- S. Sahoo, A. Singh et al. a .: A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 103, number 4, January 2006, pp. 843-848, doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0507714103 , PMID 16415161 , PMC 1347984 (free full text).
- S. Sengupta, LA Zhivotovsky et al. a .: Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. In: American Journal of Human Genetics . Volume 78, number 2, February 2006, pp. 202-221, doi : 10.1086 / 499411 , PMID 16400607 , PMC 1380230 (free full text).
- G. Zei, A. Lisa et al. a .: From surnames to the history of Y chromosomes: the Sardinian population as a paradigm. In: European Journal of Human Genetics . Volume 11, Number 10, October 2003, pp. 802-807, doi : 10.1038 / sj.ejhg . 5201040 , PMID 14512971 .
Web links
- Haplogroup G SNP project
- Some Information and Theories on Haplogroup G
- English-language website Eupedia with extensive explanations and maps
| Evolution tree haplogroups Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adam of the Y chromosome | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A00 | A0'1'2'3'4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A0 | A1'2'3'4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1 | A2'3'4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2'3 | A4 = BCDEF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2 | A3 | B. | CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D. | E. | C. | F. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | IJK | H | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G1 | G2 | IJ | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I. | J | L. | K (xLT) | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I1 | I2 | J1 | J2 | M. | NO | P | S. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| N | O | Q | R. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| R1 | R2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| R1a | R1b | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Individual evidence
- ↑ Biro, A. Zalan, A., et al.,: A Y-Chromosomal Comparison of the Madjars (Kazakhstan) and the Magyars (Hungary) . In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology . 139, No. 3, 2009, pp. 305-10. doi : 10.1002 / ajpa.20984 . PMID 19170200 .