Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Haplogroup of the Y chromosome
Surname R1b
Possible time of origin less than 18,500 years ago
Possible place of origin West Asia , Central Asia , South Siberia , East European Plain
predecessor R1
Mutations R = M343

R1b is a haplogroup of the Y chromosome and is used to determine genetic relationships between different population groups. It is a subset of R . R1b is defined by the mutation M343 of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), which was discovered in 2004. From 2001 to 2005, R1b was defined by the SNP P25. In other systems it is also classified as Hg1 and Eu18. The current status can be found on the website of the International Society of Genetic Genealogy.

Splitting up

The haplogroup R1b is derived from R 1, as is R1a . According to current estimates, R1b originated in Asia less than 18,500 years ago. The splitting of the haplogroup R into R1 and R2 is proven by a find in Mal'ta on Lake Baikal . The splitting of the R1 * haplogroup probably took place in the central to western part of Asia, where both R1a and R1b were found in relative proximity to each other. R1b-U106 is a sister group to the Middle Neolithic R1b-M269 and is found today mainly in the Germanic language area, the northern Alps and along the Rhine, while R1b-P312 is mainly found in the Romance language area. The splitting of the haplogroup R1b-M269 is set to the middle Neolithic about 5000 years ago. It is unclear whether this split took place in the Alpine region or whether there are two waves of propagation that expanded into the northern and southern Alpine regions.

In the Bronze Age about 4176 ± 696 years ago this resulted in the haplogroups DF27 with the greatest concentration in Iberia (around 44%), R1b-U152, which is mainly concentrated in northern Italy and the southern Alpine region, and R1b-M529, which is located on most concentrated in England and Brittany. The emergence of all three groups falls into the Bronze Age and points to contacts with immigrants.

All four haplogroups are carriers of the bell beaker cultures and become carriers of the beaker cultures in the course of mixing with the corded ceramics. Further subgroups such as Z196 / Z195, estimated at 3173 ± 502, are clearly associated with the so-called orientalization (ie oriental-Greek import finds) of the beginning Iron Age along the Mediterranean coasts. Phoenicians are archaeologically proven in Portugal about 200 years later. These results clearly contradict yfull's estimates. The increased proportion of the Basque population is also discussed controversially, with neighboring regions such as Aragon and Cantabria also showing increased values ​​of Iron Age sister lines. As expected, younger groups can be clearly associated with the Spanish colonization of America.

 M269 
 still undefined 

R-M269 * (R1b1a2 *)


 L23 
 still undefined 

R-L23 * (R1b1a2a *)


 L150 
 still undefined 

R-L150 * (R1b1a2a1 *)


 L51 / M412 
 still undefined 

R-L51 * / R-M412 * (R1b1a2a1a *)


 P310 / L11 
 still undefined 

R-P310 / L11 * (R1b1a2a1a1 *)


 U106 

R-U106 (R1b1a2a1a1a)


 P312 

R-P312 (R1b1a2a1a1b)


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R-L277 (R1b1a1a1b)


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Subgroups

 M343 
 P25 

R-M18 (R1b1a)


 P297 

R-M73 (R1b1b1)


 M269 
 P311 
 P310 
 U106 

R-U198 (R1b1b2a1a1)


   

R-S26 (R1b1b2a1a2)


   

R-L44 (R1b1b2a1a4)


   

R-U106 * (R1b1b2a1a *)


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 P312 

R-M153 (R1b1b2a1b2)


   

R-M167 (R1b1b2a1b3)


 U152 
 L2 

R-L20 (R1b1b2a1b4c1)


   

R-L2 * (R1b1b2a1b4c *)



   

R-U152 * (R1b1b2a1b4 *)



   

R-S68 (R1b1b2a1b5)


 L21 

R-M222 (R1b1b2a1b6b)


   

R-L21 * (R1b1b2a1b6 *)



   

R-P312 * (R1b1b2a1b *)


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R-P310 * (R1b1b2a1 *)


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R-P311 * (R1b1b2a *)



   

R-M269 * (R1b1b2 *)



   

R-P297 * (R1b1b *)


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R-P25 * (R1b1 *)


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R-M343 * (R1b *)



Example R1b1a2a1a1a (R-U106)

This subgroup is defined by the SNP U106, also known as S21 and M405. It represents over 25% of the total R1b population in Europe and is found predominantly along the Rhine, so it is considered Germanic. The highest prevalence (35%) was reported from the Netherlands.

 U106 / S21 
 still undefined 

R-U106 * (R-U106- *)


 U198 

R-M467 / S29 / U198 (R-U106-1)


 DYS439 (null) / L1 / S26 

R-L1 / S26 (R-U106-3)


 L48 

R-L48 * (R-U106-4 *)


 L47 

R-L47 * (R-U106-4a *)


 L44 

R-L44 * (R-U106-4a1 *)


   

R-L45 and L46 and L146 (R-U106-4a1a1)


   

R-Z159 (R-U106-4a2)


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 L148 

R-L148 (R-U106-4b)


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 L257 

R-L257 (R-U106-8)


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Data from Myres et al. (2010)

population Sample size R-M269 R-U106 R-U106-1
Austria 22nd 27% 23% 0.0%
Central / South America 33 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Czech Republic 36 28% 14% 0.0%
Denmark 113 34% 17% 0.9%
Eastern Europe 44 5% 0.0% 0.0%
England 138 57% 20% 1.4%
France 56 52% 7% 0.0%
Germany 332 43% 19% 1.8%
Ireland 102 80% 6% 0.0%
Italy 284 37% 4% 0.0%
Jordan 76 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Middle east 43 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Netherlands 94 54% 35% 2.1%
Oceania 43 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Oman 29 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Pakistan 177 3% 0.0% 0.0%
Palestine 47 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Poland 110 23% 8th % 0.0%
Russia 56 21% 5.4% 1.8%
Slovenia 105 17% 4% 0.0%
Switzerland 90 58% 13% 0.0%
Turkey 523 14% 0.4% 0.0%
Ukraine 32 25% 9% 0.0%
United States 58 5% 5% 0.0%
US (European) 125 46% 15% 0.8%
US (Afroamerican) 118 14% 2.5% 0.8%

Example R1b1a2a1a2 (R-P312 / S116)

Along with R-U106, R-P312 is the second large group in Europe, both of which are descended from R1b1a2 (R-M269). It is also known as the S116. Myres et al. describe it as spreading from the western catchment area of ​​the Rhine. They are generally considered to be an Atlantic group associated with the Celtic and Roman expansion.

 P312 
 still undefined 

R-P312 * (R-P312- *)


 M65 

R-M65 (R-p312-1)


 Z196 
 still undefined 

R-Z196 * (R-P312-2 *)


   

R-M153 (R-P312-2a)


 L176.2 / S179.2 

R-L176.2 / S179.2 * (R-P312-2b *)


   

R-M167 / SRY2627 (R-P312-2b1)


   

R-L165 / S68 (R-P312-2b2)


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 U152 / S28 
 still undefined 

R-U152 * (R-P312-3 *)


 L2 / S139 

R-L2 * (R-P312-3c *)


   

R-L20 (R-P312-3c1)




 L21 / S145 / M529 
 still undefined 

R-L21 (or R-M529 / S145, L459) R1b1a2a1a2c


   

R-M37 (R-P312-4a)


   

DF13 == R-M222 (R-P312-4b) ( Niall Noígíallach )


   
 still undefined 

R-DF1 / L513 / S215 * (R-P312-4c *)


   

R-P66 (R-P312-4c1)


   

R-L193 / S176 (R-P312-4c2)


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DF13 == R-L96 (R-P312-4d)


   

DF13 == R-L144 / S175 (R-P312-4e)


   

DF13 == R-Z255 === L159.2 / S169.2 ==== Z16433 (R-P312-4f) R-Z255 === CTS12583 / S3802


   

DF13 == R-L226 / S168 (R-P312-4g)


   
 still undefined 

R-DF21 / S192 * (R-P312-4h *)


   

R-P314.2 (R-P312-4h1)


   

R-Z246 (R-P312-4h2)


   

R-L720 (R-P312-4h3)


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R-L371 Wales (R-P312-4i)


   

R-L554 (R-P312-4j)


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R-L238 / S182 (R-P312-5)


   

R-DF19 (R-P312-6)


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Country Sampling sample R-M269 Source
Wales National 65 92.3% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Spain Basques 116 87.1% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Ireland National 796 85.4% Moore et al. (2006)
Spain Catalonia 80 81.3% Balaresque et al. (2009)
France Ille-et-Vilaine 82 80.5% Balaresque et al. (2009)
France Haute-Garonne 57 78.9% Balaresque et al. (2009)
England Cornwall 64 78.1% Balaresque et al. (2009)
France Loire-Atlantique 48 77.1% Balaresque et al. (2009)
France Finistère 75 76.0% Balaresque et al. (2009)
France Basques 61 75.4% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Spain East Andalucia 95 72.0% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Spain Castilla La Mancha 63 72.0% Balaresque et al. (2009)
France Vendée 50 68.0% Balaresque et al. (2009)
France Baie de Somme 43 62.8% Balaresque et al. (2009)
England Leicestershire 43 62.0% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Italy North-East (Ladin) 79 60.8% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Spain Galicia 88 58.0% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Spain West Andalucia 72 55.0% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Portugal South 78 46.2% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Italy North-west 99 45.0% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Denmark National 56 42.9% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Netherlands National 84 42.0% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Italy North East 67 41.8% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Armenia Ararat Valley 41 37.3% Herrera et al. (2012)
Russia Bashkirs 471 34.40% Lobov (2009)
Germany Bavaria 80 32.3% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Armenia Lake Van 33 32.0% Herrera et al. (2012)
Armenia Gardman 30th 31.3% Herrera et al. (2012)
Italy West Sicily 122 30.3% Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
Poland National 110 22.7% Myres et al. (2007)
Serbia National 100 10.0% Belaresque, et al. (2009)
Slovenia National 75 21.3% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Slovenia National 70 20.6% Balaresque et al. (2009)
Turkey Central 152 19.1% Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)
Macedonia National 64 18.8% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Italy East Sicily 114 18.4% Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
Crete National 193 17.0% King et al. (2008)
Italy Sardinia 930 17.0% Contu et al. (2008)
Armenia Sasun 16 15.4% Herrera et al. (2012)
Iran North 33 15.2% Regueiro et al. (2006)
Moldova 268 14.6% Varzari (2006)
Greece National 171 13.5% King et al. (2008)
Turkey west 163 13.5% Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)
Romania National 54 13.0% Varzari (2006)
Turkey East 208 12.0% Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)
Algeria Northwest ( Oran area) 102 11.8% Robino et al. (2008)
Russia Roslavl ( Smolensk Oblast ) 107 11.2% Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Iraq National 139 10.8% Al-Zahery et al. (2003)
Nepal Newar 66 10.60% Gayden et al. (2007)
Bulgaria National 808 10.5% Karachanak et al. (2013)
Tunisia Tunis 139 7.2% Adams et al. (2008)
Algeria Algiers , Tizi Ouzou 46 6.5% Adams et al. (2008)
Bosnia-Herzegovina Serbs 81 6.2% Marjanovic et al. (2005)
Iran South 117 6.0% Regueiro et al. (2006)
Russia Repyevka ( Voronezh Oblast ) 96 5.2% Balanovsky et al. (2008)
UAE 164 3.7% Cadenas et al. (2007)
Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosniaks 85 3.5% Marjanovic et al. (2005)
Pakistan 176 2.8% Sengupta et al. (2006)
Russia Belgorod 143 2.8% Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Russia Ostrov ( Pskov Oblast ) 75 2.7% Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Russia Pristen ( Kursk Oblast ) 45 2.2% Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Bosnia-Herzegovina Croats 90 2.2% Marjanovic et al. (2005)
Qatar 72 1.4% Cadenas et al. (2007)
China 128 0.8% Sengupta et al. (2006)
India various 728 0.5% Sengupta et al. (2006)
Croatia Osijek 29 0.0% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Yemen 62 0.0% Cadenas et al. (2007)
Tibet 156 0.0% Gayden et al. (2007)
Nepal Tamang 45 0.0% Gayden et al. (2007)
Nepal Kathmandu 77 0.0% Gayden et al. (2007)
Japan 23 0.0% Sengupta et al. (2006)

distribution

R1b is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and the Southern Urals . It also occurs in southern Siberia , Central Asia , Central - Eastern Europe , North Africa, and West Asia . Recent emigrations of European colonists spread the group to America , Australia , Africa and India . 100 countries alone belonged to the English crown for a time, historically many more emigrations are documented. In the meantime, there are parts of the population around the world who have this characteristic and do not necessarily have to correspond to the European phenotype. Today R1b ​​belongs to a Chinese group and its sister group R1a to the most influential and widespread y-haplogroups in the world, whereby the dominance is always accompanied by the displacement of other haplogroups.

Europe

In Central Europe, the R1b is so far only with the bell beaker culture after 3000 BC. Chr . verifiable. The European variants indicate a founder effect .

Cassidy et al. identified the Y-DNA of three Early Bronze Age Irish men as R1b (Rathlin 1 2026-3020 BC. R1b1a2a1a2c1g, Rathlin 2 2024-1741 BC. R1b1a2a1a2c1, Rathlin 3 1736-1534 BC. R1b1a2a1a2c). Maternally, they belonged to the haplogroups mtDNA U5a1b1e, U5b2a2 and J2b1a .

It is clear, however, that several gene conversion events have occurred in Europe , some of which can safely be linked to Roman times.

The greatest concentrations of R1b can be found today in the resident population of Western Europe: in the south of England it is around 70%, in northern and western England, Wales , Scotland , Ireland to over 90%, in Spain 70%, in France 60%. In Portugal it is over 50%. For the Basques it is 88.1%. For West Germans it is 47%, for Italians 40% and for Norwegians 25.9%. In eastern Germany, the distribution is considerably lower, which indicates the unique position of the Germany region as the intersection of an east-west and north-south divide. It occurs even less among the peoples of Central and Eastern Europe, among the Czechs and Slovaks 35.6%, among the Poles 16.4%, among the Latvians 15%, among the Hungarians 13.3%, in the European part of Russia it is now only limited to a few islands and metropolises. One can therefore speak of a west-east divide that extends to the Volga and rises again in the eastern Urals to the Altai.

Ural

Outside Europe, there is a comparatively high concentration of haplogroup R1b in some populations of the Bashkirs (Burzyan, Gayna and others) of up to 87%, especially in the Perm (84.0%) and Baymaksky (81.0%) regions in the southeast from Bashkortostan. The M269 and M73 mutations are also common among the Bashkirs. Trofimova et al. (2015) found a surprisingly high frequency of R1b-L23 (Z2105 / Z2103) among the people of the Volga-Ural region (east of the Volga): 21 out of 58 (36.2%) among the Bashkirs in the southeastern Burzyan region from Bashkortostan; 11 of 52 (21.2%) among the Udmurts and among the Komi (8%), Mordwinen (6.8%), Bessermenen (3.8%) and Tschuwaschen (2.3%) wore R1b-L23 (Z2105 / 2103), the same type was found for the Yamna culture in Samara Oblast and Orenburg Oblast. This presence remained relatively stable for 2000 years.

Asia

In Iran , the Assyrians , R1b-M269 increased 55%.

The Altaic variant of the haplogroup R1b-M73 occurs with 49% in Kumandins .

Africa

In Cameroon Mandara % were found up to 65th On São Tomé and Príncipe 8.7% carriers of the haplogroup R1b were determined, in the population group of the Forros up to 17.7%. More recent studies suggest a return migration from Eurasia in pre-Islamic times, at least for the groups in Cameroon.

Individual evidence

  1. TM Karafet, FL Mendez, MB Meilerman, PA Underhill, SL Zegura, MF Hammer: New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. In: Genome research. Volume 18, Number 5, May 2008, pp. 830-838, ISSN  1088-9051 . doi : 10.1101 / gr.7172008 . PMID 18385274 . PMC 2336805 (free full text).
  2. a b c Anatoly A. Klyosov, Giancarlo T. Tomezzoli, " DNA Genealogy and Linguistics. Ancient Europe. " Scientific Research. The Academy of DNA Genealogy. Newton, USA 2013. European Patent Office, Munich, Germany. Vol .: 3, No .: 2, pages .: 101-111. doi : 10.4236 / aa.2013.32014 .
  3. C. Cinnioglu, R. King, T. Kivisild, E. Kalfoglu, S. Atasoy, GL Cavalleri, AS Lillie, CC Roseman, AA Lin, K. Prince, PJ Oefner, P. Shen, O. Semino, LL Cavalli -Sforza, PA Underhill: Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. In: Human genetics. Volume 114, Number 2, January 2004, pp. 127-148, ISSN  0340-6717 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439-003-1031-4 . PMID 14586639 .
  4. http://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html
  5. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n9MBaZWKBWUx2DN9aEN0CLCDmtnp64Hts-GrYGGPRRI/edit?pli=1#gid=0
  6. TM Karafet, FL Mendez, MB Meilerman, PA Underhill, SL Zegura, MF Hammer: New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. In: Genome research. Volume 18, Number 5, May 2008, pp. 830-838, ISSN  1088-9051 . doi : 10.1101 / gr.7172008 . PMID 18385274 . PMC 2336805 (free full text).
  7. Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe: Origins and Distribution. Архивировано из первоисточника 25 марта 2012.
  8. Haak et al. (2015)
  9. Characterization of the Iberian Y chromosome haplogroup R-DF27 in Northern Spain, P. Villaescusa at all Dec. 2016, doi : 10.1016 / j.fsigen.2016.12.013
  10. a b c NM Myres, S. Rootsi, AA Lin, M. Järve, RJ King, I. Kutuev, VM Cabrera, EK Khusnutdinova, A. Pshenichnov, B. Yunusbayev, O. Balanovsky, E. Balanovska, P. Rudan , M. Baldovic, RJ Herrera, J. Chiaroni, J. Di Cristofaro, R. Villems, T. Kivisild, PA Underhill: A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe. In: European journal of human genetics: EJHG. Volume 19, Number 1, January 2011, pp. 95-101, ISSN  1476-5438 . doi : 10.1038 / ejhg.2010.146 . PMID 20736979 . PMC 3039512 (free full text).
  11. Lara M. Cassidy et al., Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome, 2015.
  12. SM Adams, TE King, E. Bosch, MA Jobling: The case of the unreliable SNP: recurrent back-mutation of Y-chromosomal marker P25 through gene conversion. In: Forensic science international. Volume 159, Number 1, May 2006, pp. 14-20, ISSN  0379-0738 . doi : 10.1016 / j.forsciint.2005.06.003 . PMID 16026953 .
  13. Ornella Semino, A. Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti, Francesco Falaschi, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Peter A. Underhill, "Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny," The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 70, Issue 1, 265-268, January 1, 2002.
  14. ^ R. Gonçalves, A. Freitas, M. Branco, A. Rosa, AT Fernandes, LA Zhivotovsky, PA Underhill, T. Kivisild, A. Brehm: Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. In: Annals of Human Genetics. Volume 69, Pt 4 July 2005, pp. 443-454, ISSN  0003-4800 . doi : 10.1111 / j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x . PMID 15996172 .
  15. C. Capelli, F. Brisighelli, F. Scarnicci, B. Arredi, A. Caglia ', G. Vetrugno, S. Tofanelli, V. Onofri, A. Tagliabracci, G. Paoli, VL Pascali: Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. In: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. Volume 44, Number 1, July 2007, pp. 228-239, doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.11.030 , PMID 17275346 .
  16. Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland - Agnar Helgason et al., 2000, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67: 697-717,2000
  17. Лобов А. С. (2009) "Структура генофонда субпопуляций башкир" (автореферат диссертации) ( Memento of the original from August 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ftp.anrb.ru
  18. Трофимова Натал'я Вадимовна: Изменчивость Митохондриальной ДНК и Y-Хромосомы в Поропуляцияа-. Summary. Dissertation for the candidate's degree in biological sciences. February 2015, accessed July 1, 2018 .
  19. V. Grugni, V. Battaglia, B. Hooshiar Kashani, p Parolo, N. Al-Zahery, A. Achilli, A. Olivieri, F. Gandini, M. Houshmand, MH Sanati, A. Torroni, O. Semino : Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians. In: PloS one. Volume 7, number 7, 2012, p. E41252, ISSN  1932-6203 . doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0041252 . PMID 22815981 . PMC 3399854 (free full text).
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Evolution tree haplogroups Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)
Adam of the Y chromosome
A00 A0'1'2'3'4
A0 A1'2'3'4
A1 A2'3'4
A2'3 A4 = BCDEF
A2 A3 B. CT 
|
DE CF
D. E. C. F.
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G IJK H  
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G1 G2  IJ K 
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I. J L. K (xLT) T
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I1 I2 J1 J2 M. NO P S.
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N O Q R.
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R1 R2
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R1a R1b