Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup of the Y chromosome
Surname R1a
Possible time of origin less than 18,500 years ago
Possible place of origin South asia
predecessor R1
Mutations L62, L63, L120, M420, M449, M511, M513

R1a is a subgroup of the haplogroup R 1 on the Y chromosome . It is currently assumed that it originated from 15,000 to 20,000 years ago through mutation (based on the distribution of the lines R2 * and R *) in Asia. Her sister group is haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) .

distribution

The haplogroup R1a is particularly widespread today from the Elbe across all western Slavic settlement areas - mainly in Poland , around the Baltic Sea in the Baltic States and parts of Scandinavia, the Finnish-Russian border region, central European Russia with the East Slavic settlement areas to the Ukraine and the Urals , the highest concentration well within the rivers Oder , Vistula , Narva , Neva , Daugava , Don and lower Volga and in parts of the northern Indian subcontinent and parts of Central Asia in particular around the mountain Pamir , Karakoram , western Himalayas and Tian Shan to in Mongolia as well as the ancient regions of Sogdia and Bactria and among the Pashtuns occurs. It is also widespread among Kurds and in Kurdistan, which they claim, in parts of Iran and Iraq, Turkey and to a large extent around Lake Van .

R1a and Kurgan hypothesis

Cord ceramists and spa cultures

So far, however, in the Yamna culture (3600-2500 BC, Eastern European steppe belt) only the R1b DNA, which is more widespread in Western Europe, has been documented. At the same time, however, corded ceramists wear from around 2900 BC BC in almost all regions of northern Central Europe and Northeast Europe to a large extent R1a, u. a. in Tiefbrunn , Bergrheinfeld , Esperstedt and Eulau (Germany), Obłaczkowo and Łęki Małe (Poland), Kyndelose (Denmark) and Viby (Sweden). The samples from Esperstedt, Viby and Kyndelose come into question as direct ancestors of Scandinavian, North and East Germanic as well as Slavic and Baltic people. The proven spread of this Swedish population to Finland should provide further surprises. Mathieson (2015) found in the eastern Jamna successors, the ( Poltavka culture and the Srubna culture ), Y-R1a (Z93, Z94), which is mainly found in Indo-Iranian and Indo-Asian samples. This is shown e.g. B. in finds from around 2500 BC. In Naumowo and Serteja (Pskow / Smolensk oblast), in Bulanovo (Sintaschta, Russia), Kytmanowo (Andronowo, Russia) and Tanabergen (Kazakhstan) as well as other places in Central Asia, i.e. to Central Asia and North India.

The earliest R1a-DNA (5500-5000 BC) has so far been found on the island of Juschny Oleni in the Karelian Onega Lake , but does not yet carry the later European marker.

DNA archeology

Human remains in which the haplogroup R1a was discovered come from the graves of the string ceramists and the urn field culture as well as from earlier inhabitants of old Tanais .

Furthermore, the Halopgruppe can be found in the Andronowo culture , the Pasyryk stage , the Iron Age Tagar culture (approx. 900 BC) and the Iron Age Tashtyk culture (approx. 300 BC), whereby they are in Asia usually occur in association with the local population.

R1a was identified in the Bronze Age mummies from the Tarim Basin as well as in the aristocracy of the Xiongnu and in the graves of the around 3000 year old deer stones .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ PA Underhill, GD Poznik, S. Rootsi, M. Järve, AA Lin, J. Wang, B. Passarelli, J. Kanbar, NM Myres, RJ King, J. Di Cristofaro, H. Sahakyan, DM Behar, A. Kushniarevich, J. Sarac, T. Saric, P. Rudan, AK Pathak, G. Chaubey, V. Grugni, O. Semino, L. Yepiskoposyan, A. Bahmanimehr, S. Farjadian, O. Balanovsky, EK Khusnutdinova, RJ Herrera , J. Chiaroni, CD Bustamante, SR Quake, T. Kivisild, R. Villems: The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a. In: European journal of human genetics: EJHG. [Electronic publication before printing] March 2014, doi: 10.1038 / ejhg.2014.50 , PMID 24667786 .
  2. ↑ T. Kivisild, S. Rootsi, M. Metspalu, S. Mastana, K. Kaldma, J. Parik, E. Metspalu, M. Adojaan, HV Tolk, V. Stepanov, M. Gölge, E. Usanga, SS Papiha , C. Cinnioglu, R. King, L. Cavalli-Sforza, PA Underhill, R. Villems: The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. In: American journal of human genetics. Volume 72, number 2, February 2003, pp. 313-332, doi: 10.1086 / 346068 , PMID 12536373 , PMC 379225 (free full text).
  3. ↑ Swarkar Sharma, Ekta Rai, Prithviraj Sharma, Mamata Jena, Shweta Singh: The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1 * substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system . In: Journal of Human Genetics . tape 54 , no. 1 , January 2009, ISSN  1435-232X , p. 47-55 , doi : 10.1038 / year 2008.2 , PMID 19158816 .
  4. ↑ Haak, W. et al. (2015), Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages ​​in Europe, bioRxiv preprint; Sergey Malyshev 2015 [1] ; Allentoft, M. et al. (2015), Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia, Nature, 522, 167-172 (June 11, 2015)
  5. ^ Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe; doi: 10.1101 / 016477 ; March 14, 2015
  6. ^ Keyser C., etc. Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people // Hum Genet (2009) 126: 395-410 doi: 10.1007 / s00439-009-0683-0
  7. ↑ Underhill, PA et al. The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a. Eur. J. Hum. Genet., (2014); quoted from Haak, W. et al. (2015), Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages ​​in Europe, bioRxiv preprint.
  8. Jump up ↑ W. Haak, G. Brandt, HN de Jong, C. Meyer, R. Ganslmeier, V. Heyd, C. Hawkesworth, AW Pike, H. Meller, KW Alt: Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyzes shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Volume 105, number 47, November 2008, pp. 18226-18231, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.0807592105 , PMID 19015520 , PMC 2587582 (free full text).
  9. ↑ G. Brandt, W. Haak, CJ Adler, C. Roth, A. Szécsényi-Nagy, S. Karimnia, S. Möller-Rieker, H. Meller, R. Ganslmeier, S. Friederich, V. Dresely, N. Nicklisch, JK Pickrell, F. Sirocko, D. Reich, A. Cooper, KW Alt: Ancient DNA reveals key stages in the formation of central European mitochondrial genetic diversity. In: Science. Volume 342, number 6155, October 2013, pp. 257–261, doi: 10.1126 / science.1241844 , PMID 24115443 , PMC 4039305 (free full text).
  10. ↑ Schweitzer D. Lichtenstein Cave Data Analysis, 2008. ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / dirkschweitzer.net
  11. ↑ Корниенко И. В., Водолажский Д. И. Использование нерекомбинантных маркеров Y хромосомы в исследованиях древних популяций (на примере поселения Танаис) // Материалы Донских антропологических чтений. Ростов-на-Дону, Ростовский научно-исследовательский онкологический институт, Ростов-на-Дону, 2013.
  12. ↑ a b c C. Keyser, C. Bouakaze, E. Crubézy, VG Nikolaev, D. Montagnon, T. Reis, B. Ludes: Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people. In: Human genetics. Volume 126, Number 3, September 2009, pp. 395-410, doi: 10.1007 / s00439-009-0683-0 , PMID 19449030 .
  13. ↑ FX Ricaut, C. Keyser-Tracqui, J. Bourgeois, E. Crubézy, B. Ludes: Genetic analysis of a Scytho-Siberian skeleton and its implications for ancient Central Asian migrations. In: Human biology. Volume 76, Number 1, February 2004, pp. 109-125, PMID 15222683 .
  14. ↑ Chunxiang Li etc. Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age , accessed on July 2, 2017 (English)
  15. ↑ K. Kim, CH Brenner, VH Mair, KH Lee, JH Kim, E. Gelegdorj, N. Batbold, YC Song, HW Yun, EJ Chang, G. Lkhagvasuren, M. Bazarragchaa, AJ Park, I. Lim, YP Hong, W. Kim, SI Chung, DJ Kim, YH Chung, SS Kim, WB Lee, KY Kim: A western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia. In: American journal of physical anthropology. Volume 142, Number 3, July 2010, pp. 429-440, doi: 10.1002 / ajpa.21242 , PMID 20091844 .
Evolution tree haplogroups Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)
Adam of the Y chromosome
A00 A0'1'2'3'4
A0 A1'2'3'4
A1 A2'3'4
A2'3 A4 = BCDEF
A2 A3 B. CT 
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DE CF
D. E. C. F.
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G IJK H  
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G1 G2  IJ K 
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I. J L. K (xLT) T
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I1 I2 J1 J2 M. NO P S.
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N O Q R.
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R1 R2
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R1a R1b