Tashtyk culture
| Prehistoric cultures of Russia | |
| Mesolithic | |
| Kunda culture | 7400-6000 BC Chr. |
| Neolithic | |
| Bug Dniester culture | 6500-5000 BC Chr. |
| Dnepr-Don culture | 5000-4000 BC Chr. |
| Sredny Stog culture | 4500-3500 BC Chr. |
| Ekaterininka culture | 4300-3700 BC Chr. |
| Fatyanovo culture | around 2500 BC Chr. |
| Copper Age | |
| North Caspian culture | |
| Spa culture | 5000-3000 BC Chr. |
| Samara culture | around 5000 BC Chr. |
| Chwalynsk culture | 5000-4500 BC Chr. |
| Botai culture | 3700-3100 BC Chr. |
| Yamnaya culture | 3600-2300 BC Chr. |
| Afanassjewo culture | 3500-2500 BC Chr. |
| Usatovo culture | 3300-3200 BC Chr. |
| Glaskovo culture | 3200-2400 BC Chr. |
| Bronze age | |
| Poltavka culture | 2700-2100 BC Chr. |
| Potapovka culture | 2500-2000 BC Chr. |
| Catacomb tomb culture | 2500-2000 BC Chr. |
| Abashevo culture | 2500-1800 BC Chr. |
| Sintashta culture | 2100-1800 BC Chr. |
| Okunew culture | around 2000 BC Chr. |
| Samus culture | around 2000 BC Chr. |
| Andronovo culture | 2000-1200 BC Chr. |
| Susgun culture | around 1700 BC Chr. |
| Srubna culture | 1600-1200 BC Chr. |
| Colchis culture | 1700-600 BC Chr. |
| Begasy Dandybai culture | around 1300 BC Chr. |
| Karassuk culture | around 1200 BC Chr. |
| Ust-mil culture | around 1200–500 BC Chr. |
| Koban culture | 1200-400 BC Chr. |
| Irmen culture | 1200-400 BC Chr. |
| Late corporate culture | around 1000 BC Chr. |
| Plate burial culture | around 1300–300 BC Chr. |
| Aldy Bel culture | 900-700 BC Chr. |
| Iron age | |
| Baitowo culture | |
| Tagar culture | 900-300 BC Chr. |
| Nosilowo group | 900-600 BC Chr. |
| Ananino culture | 800-300 BC Chr. |
| Tasmola culture | 700-300 BC Chr. |
| Gorokhovo culture | 600-200 BC Chr. |
| Sagly bashi culture | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Jessik Beschsatyr culture | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Pazyryk level | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Sargat culture | 500 BC Chr. – 400 AD |
| Kulaika culture | 400 BC Chr. – 400 AD |
| Tes level | 300 BC Chr. – 100 AD |
| Shurmak culture | 200 BC Chr. – 200 AD |
| Tashtyk culture | 100–600 AD |
| Chernyakhov culture | AD 200–500 |
The Tashtyk culture ( Russian Таштыкская культура ; after the excavation site on the river Taschtyk ( ⊙ ), small left tributary of Jenissei , near Bateni ) was in the recent Iron Age in minusinsk hollow and in Chakassien in southern Siberia common. It replaced the Tes stage in the 1st century AD and can be divided into two stages, which differ mainly in the grave custom.
Bateni level
In the older Bateni stage , the dead were buried in shallow graves. Two to four deceased lay in a stretched supine position in a wooden chamber, the floor of which was covered with birch bark. Many dead were mummified; then her face was covered with a death mask made of clay, some of which was painted with colorful circles and spirals. Occasionally the dead were cremated; in such cases, stuffed dolls with faces made of clay were added to them. In many cases, items of clothing and bits of hair have been preserved. As a result, men and women wore braids , and women also wore tall, cylindrical bonnets. Jackets and coats lined with fur have been preserved on clothing.
The ceramic of the Bateni level is similar to the goods of the Tes level. There are pots and bowls with a curved top and a conical hollow foot, spherical vessels with a cylinder neck and clay imitations of bronze kettles. The decoration consists of plastic strips arranged in ribbons and spirals and incised hatching, circles and hatched triangles.
Tepsej stage
In the 3rd century, the shallow graves were displaced by Kurgan , which marks the Tepsej stage . The Kurgane of the Tepsej stage were oval or rectangular to square and formed small groups that often stood near shallow grave fields. In contrast to the earlier Tagar culture , the burial chambers, which were wooden beam constructions, were not in shafts, but at ground level. The graves were buried several times, in some cases with over a hundred dead; Side entrances were also built in some graves. Children were not buried in Kurganen, but in shallow graves. Otherwise the burial practice of the Tepsej stage does not differ from the Bateni stage. In the vicinity of the necropolis there were stone or wooden stelae on which animals and allegedly people were sacrificed.
In addition to the ceramic types already known from the Bateni stage, the Tepsej stage also features wide pots with a short cylinder neck. The decoration now consisted of ridges, incisions, impressions, notches and bosses arranged in complex patterns. Bronze belt fittings and belt buckles are also particularly typical. Of particular importance are some bone plates with figural incisions that depict hunting scenes and battles between warriors.
In contrast to the necropolis , the settlement system of the Tashtyk culture is still poorly researched. During excavations, the remains of ground-level post structures and pit houses as well as ironworking workshops and pottery kilns came to light. The breeding of cattle, horses, sheep and goats as well as hunting and fishing are proven by bone finds. Because of the remains of grain, arable farming is also assumed.
In the 5th or 6th century, the Tashtyk culture passed into the Tschaatas culture .
language
It is not known which language was spoken at the time of the Tashtyk culture, but it can be indirectly deduced that there were gradual linguistic changes in the region of the Minusinsk Basin and the southern part of the Tashtyk culture or the previous Tes level neighboring Altai must have come. Before the Tashtyk culture, the Tes stage (300 BC – 100 AD), the Pasyryk stage (500–300 BC), the Tagar culture (900–300 BC) existed here .) and the Aldy-Bel culture (900–700 BC), which are among the earliest nomad cultures and archaeologically the starting point for the rapid expansion of the Scythian and Sarmatian equestrian peoples to the west and the massagers and saks to the south-west. Because linguistic legacies (names and some texts and inscriptions) of the Scythians and Sarmatians in the west belong to the old north-east Iranian languages , while the Saks in the south belong to the old south-east Iranian languages, it is assumed that the bearers of these original cultures in the north-east east Iranian too Idioms spoke.
In contrast, the Chaatas culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz followed immediately after the Tashtyk culture in precisely this region , when the Orkhon runes and Yenisei runes (600–900 AD) were created here and further south , the earliest indisputably Turkic inscriptions who also wrote exclusively Turkish-language texts that are not related to the Iranian languages. Because there is no archaeological evidence of any change in the population around 600, it is assumed that a linguistic transition from the Iranian to the Turkic languages must have taken place in the region, although the previous inhabitants were not displaced, but linguistically and culturally assimilated because of older cultural elements persisted alongside younger ones. According to the hypotheses of the Russian archaeologist Sergei Toplouchow, the establishment of the new languages took place since the middle Tashtyk culture around 300 AD or even before that since the Tes stage in the 1st century AD, as immigrants from the east (successor cultures the plate grave culture) and introduced new cultural elements from the northwest that went alongside the established traditions. This may have been followed by the gradual replacement of Iranian languages by Turkic languages in the region. In archeology, the Tashtyk culture and the Tes stage are counted among the transition cultures from the Scythian-Saki cultural horizon to the Hunnish-Turkish cultural horizon.
literature
- Hermann Parzinger : The early peoples of Eurasia. From the Neolithic to the Middle Ages (= Historical Library of the Gerda Henkel Foundation. ). Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54961-6 , p. 755 ff.
- Эльга Б. Вадецкая: Таштыкская культура. In: Марина Г. Мошкова (Ed.): Степная полоса азиатской части СССР в скифо-сарматское время (= Археология СССР. ). Наука, Москва 1992, ISBN 5-02-009916-3 .
- Эльга Б. Вадецкая: Таштыкская эпоха в древней истории Сибири. = The Tashtyc Epoch in the ancient History of Siberia. востоковедение, Санкт-Петербург 1999, ISBN 5-85803-075-0 .
photos
Death mask
Death masks
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ The dates in the table are taken from the individual articles and do not always have to be reliable. Cultures in areas of other former Soviet republics were included.
- ↑ Article Tashtyk culture in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ Janhunen, Juha: "Khakas." (= Chakassen ), Section History and Cultural Relations , Encyclopedia of World Cultures. 1996. Encyclopedia.com . (June 9, 2014).
- ^ René Grousset : The Empires of the Steppe: A History of Central Asia . New Jersey 1970, pp. 18-19.