Braid

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A herringbone braid ; the model's face is framed by two lace braids .

A braid is an ornamental strand of hair that is created using techniques such as braiding , knotting , twisting , twisting, or tying. Corresponding to these different techniques, the basic types of braid are braided, knotted, twisted, twisted and open braids. A braid is a hairstyle or part of a hairstyle.

Women and men have been wearing braids since the Stone Age (see linear ceramic hairdresses ). Hair braiding experienced high blossoms with high technical complexity in antiquity and during the Renaissance. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa there are also great traditions of the art of weaving. While braids are traditionally worn by men in many other parts of the world, in Europe they have mostly been a female affair since the Middle Ages. In the 18th century, however, wigs and braids were the most popular male hairstyle in Europe.

The technical possibilities of designing a braid are extremely diverse. Often - for example with the Nigerian Yoruba - this art was and is handed down from generation to generation. In the 21st century, an interest in pigtail hairdos and hairdressing techniques could for the first time also be stimulated by the fact that relevant educational films became widespread on the Internet .

Etymology and delimitation of the term

The word “pigtail” is derived from ahd. Pigtail and originally meant “end”, “tip”, “tuft of hair” and “tuft of hair”. It was not until the Middle Ages that the word took on the meaning of hair braid. Today's words pluck and zip are closely related to braid . The Old High German word goes back to the ancient Germanic * tuppa , which also corresponds to the English top ("upper side") and the Low German topp (upper end of a mast). After a detour via French , it was used a second time in German as a toupee ; Toupee originally referred to a bead of frizzy hair that lies over the forehead. Hence the current meaning of the word toupee .

In a narrower sense, a plait is often only understood to mean a plait, in particular a hanging plait or a plait during processing. As soon as a braid is pinned or otherwise processed, it is more likely to be referred to as a ring of hair, a bun or an updo than a braid. Ringlets, such as B. the sidelocks of Orthodox Jews are by no means referred to as braids, although these are also ornamental strands of hair.

Cultural history

Africa and the Middle East

Braids are one of the oldest hairdressing techniques in the world. At Tassili n'Ajjer in the Algerian Sahara, the French ethnologist Henri Lhote discovered a rock painting in 1956 that dates from around 3500 BC. And represents a nursing mother who wears a number of plaited braids. Also in Africa are today Yoruba home, the weaving is one of the most demanding styling techniques that have been ever developed. Women's hairstyles reach extreme complexity and require hours of braiding. The Yoruba use braiding, knotting and binding techniques; they themselves differentiate between Irun Kiko (stretching of naturally frizzy hair by plaiting in stiff threads), Irun Didi (tight braiding into filigree hairstyles) and Irun Biba (loose braiding). The type of hairstyle provides a wide range of information about the wearer, not only about her age, but also about her job, her social and family status, her beliefs and often even about her mood.

Braided hairstyles are also common in other African cultures. Among the Akan, for example, girls traditionally wear their hair loose but begin to braid it - publicly - when they want to show that they are maturing. Conversely, with the Himba , the not yet sexually mature girls wear long strands of hair that they rub with ocher. With the Maasai, on the other hand, the male warriors traditionally wore dreadlocks that were colored red with clay.

It is known from images that braids were worn in ancient times. Idealized representations of women with many thick braids have been preserved from the ancient Babylonian period. The Syrian weather god was depicted with a braid, the end of which is wound up. Long plaited braids have also been documented among the highland inhabitants of the Elam Empire . In Marlik and Assyria , distinguished men wore handsome braided beards. While the Assyrian men wore rows of braids or curls and only let their long hair fall open at the back, women tied their hair up in buns.

In ancient Egyptian representations to women with Zopffrisuren or lush braided looks wigs . At the lower end, the fine braids were often decorated with pearls and other jewelry. Linguistic historians suspect that the word ḥnkt (henket) , which is occasionally depicted in hieroglyphics , means “ pigtail ” or “lichen”. Young princes, later also princesses, had mostly shaved their heads except for part of the side hair; this " youth lock " was braided and was the contemporary symbol of childhood. Pharaohs occasionally wore a (false) braided royal beard (ceremonial beard) as an expression of their divinity . In the Persian Empire were beards carefully decorated and braided.

Braids were first mentioned in the Bible , the history of which dates back to the 10th century BC. In the Book of Judges (16, 13f) one reads the story of the hero Samson , who tries to deceive his Philistine lover Delilah by pretending that his strength can be overcome by someone tying his "seven braids of hair" with a stake. Possibly this is the description of the Assyrian hairstyle. In Isaiah (47.2) translated Luther an expression that is otherwise rendered as "veil" in German translations, as a "pigtail", namely where the prophet of the allegorical daughter of Babylon threatened that it would - as punishment for the persecution of Judah  - their Having to untangle (proud) braids. In the Talmudic period braiding was widespread among women; so in the rabbi literature (Numbers Rabbah, ix) there is talk of an adulteress who has to let the priest untangle her all too seductive braids.

  • Yoruba hair braiding (1977)

  • A Himba girl hides her face with her hairstyle.

  • Mesopotamian king, possibly Sargon of Akkad (3rd millennium BC), with a braided beard

  • Ancient Egyptian representation of a braid hairstyle

  • The death mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamun (14th century BC) shows an artistically braided beard.

  • The Parthian king Gotarzes II (38 to 51 AD) with an elaborately designed braided beard

European antiquity

In the Minoan period , the earliest high civilization in Europe, long braids were the hallmark of married women. The art of braiding was highly developed in classical Greek times , when free women always wore long hair, except when they were in mourning; this was lavishly styled in a variety of ways, often with plaited braids, but also with artistic buns and updos that were tied with ribbons or adorned with tiara . The Iliad shows that men also braided their hair; Thus the hair of the Trojan hero Euphorbos , who is slain by Menelaus in Canto 17 , is braided with gold and silver threads.

In Rome , many wealthy women wore their hair in artificially laid curls to make it look luscious. Knot hairstyles such as the tutulus or the nodus hairstyle were widespread (see also: Women in Ancient Rome ). However, women also wore sophisticated braided hairstyles, especially in the period from 70 to 200 AD. Brides and Vestals wore the seni-crines hairstyle , in which six independently braided braids were wound into a wreath. In the time of Hadrian , men also often adorned themselves with a pigtail.

In the Celtic region , both sexes wore long hair. Braids were widespread among women and the braiding techniques varied. In his work Germania (98 AD) Tacitus reported that in the Germanic tribe of the Suebi who lived west of the Elbe, the free men wore a braided hair knot ( Suebi knot ). With the Gauls, on the other hand, the men wore their hair down, although Albert Uderzo took the liberty of always portraying the Gallic characters in the Asterix comics with braids from 1959 onwards .

  • Cretomino women with braids (15th century BC)

  • Calf bearer , Greek statue (6th century BC)

  • Greek woman sculpture, approx. 520-510 BC Chr.

  • Faustina (* around 130–176), wife of the Roman emperor Mark Aurel

  • Suebian knot of the man of Dätgen (135-385 n. Chr.), In 1959 in the south of Großenmoor Dätgen was discovered

Middle Ages and Renaissance

The assumption that the men of the Vikings regularly plaited their hair on their heads or whiskers cannot be substantiated either by contemporary texts or images or by archaeological finds.

In the New Testament , Peter warned women not to vainly adorn themselves with braids. Mary Magdalene is often depicted in modern painting with hair that hangs openly in the waves that are typical of freshly braided hair. Hartley Coleridge spoke explicitly of her “braided hair” in his sonnet Multum Dilexit .

In the Christian Middle Ages , according to the word of Peter, female hair mostly disappeared under the giver , shackle and veil . Medieval images of female hairdresses are rare. Only young girls wore their hair down. When adult women were depicted with uncovered hair, it was mostly in the early Middle Ages with hanging, very long braids, often completely wrapped with ribbons. From the High Middle Ages on, braids were pinned up. Men, too, occasionally braided their hair, such as the Austrian Duke Albrecht III. That the Hängezopf as a symbol of the company founded by him Zopfordens wore.

In the Renaissance , very artistic, elaborate hairstyles appeared again among women, which were often complemented by exotic and heavy bonnets. Braided hair continued to be pinned up.

Europe: 16th to 18th centuries

Münchhausen pulls itself out of the swamp by its own braid

During the Thirty Years' War , some noble men wore a thin braid that was plaited behind the ear, hung down on the chest and at the end of which an object of jewelry was hung. The Danish King Christian IV (1577–1648), for example, had himself portrayed in this way.

In France, the large male allonge wigs have been replaced by pouch wigs ( perruque à crapaud ) since 1715 , in which the long hair of the wearer was enclosed in a taffeta bag ( bourse ) at the back . In Prussia, the “soldier king” Friedrich Wilhelm I introduced a light wig to his military in 1713/14, in which the soldiers' own long hair was not put in a sack but was wrapped in a black taffeta ribbon. The innovation was intended to prevent long, loose hair from catching fire when handling the matchmaker guns. The bearers were proud of their braid, especially when it was thick and long. A century later Karl Gutzkow made fun of Friedrich Wilhelm's braid passion in his popular comedy Zopf und Schwert (1844). However, the soldiers' braid wig was soon adopted by the officers and eventually caught on in civilian fashion. It was widespread across Europe since the 1760s. The male braid gained literary fame at this time through the legendary Baron Münchhausen , who claims to have pulled himself out of a swamp with his horse by his own braid. The male braid was so much a symbol of the time that the architecture of the second half of the 18th century is still sometimes referred to as the “ braid style ”.

French soldiers occasionally wore a cadenette at the same time , a hairstyle that consists of two braids that are braided behind the ears and a ponytail that is flanked by two other braids. However, under Napoleon , who had had short hair himself since 1800, short haircuts soon caught on in the French military. The other European armies followed this example. The Prussian soldier's braid was also abolished with the Prussian army reform around 1807 because it proved to be militarily inexpedient . This is alluded to by the proverbial “ old braid ” in German, which colloquially describes usages that no longer correspond to the ideas of modernity. The hairstyle was preserved well into the 19th century in the Prussian navy , where the sailors braided their braids very tightly and covered them with eel skin or wrapped them with tarred cord. The traditional sailor's collar was developed from the cloths that they placed over the jacket to prevent the tar braid from getting dirty . Braids and wigs disappeared in civil society in the late 18th century. The young Russian Tsarevich Konstantin (1779–1831) is considered the last notable personality to be portrayed with both ; the picture was taken around 1795. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe z. B. had worn his hair down since 1792.

Europe: 19th century to the present

Apart from the complicated braided hairstyles of the Renaissance, braids that fell openly or were worn around the head as jewelry have been more the hairstyle of peasant women, maidservants and unmarried girls than of adult women of higher classes since the Middle Ages. The Austrian Empress Elisabeth (1837–1898) is one of the few well-known women who have had their hair portrayed in modern times .

Despite the preference of National Socialism for the peasant type and despite slogans such as "Aryan is the braid - the bob is Jewish" , only a few women with braided hair appeared in fashion photography after 1933.

As a girl's hairstyle, braids didn't go out of fashion until the early 1970s. Braided hairstyles have been comparatively widespread among girls and women since then as part of traditional costumes . In the early 21st century, braids as the hairstyle of prominent women had become so rare that Julija Tymoshenko , who first became Prime Minister of Ukraine in 2005 , attracted a lot of attention with her wreath hairstyle . For school children, especially boys, the “ rat tail ” was temporarily in vogue as an alternative to soccer mats as early as the late 20th century , a thin, mostly plaited braid that was worn with otherwise short hair. Pictograms that are supposed to represent women or girls, for example on traffic lights, on traffic signs or on toilet doors, often have braids as a female characteristic.

In the English-speaking world, an abundance of privately produced video tutorials on YouTube has led to the proliferation of traditional and new pigtail hairstyles since 2005. In Great Britain and the USA, trendsetters such as Kate Moss , Sienna Miller , Nicole Richie , Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen launched “Boho Chic” (see cover picture), in which braids - especially hairbands and other braids combined with falling hair - are an important stylistic element form. Even Heidi Klum , Drew Barrymore , Diane Kruger , Jessica Alba , Rachel Bilson , Kate Bosworth and Amber Heard came by striking in braided appearance. Around 2009, braid hairstyles came back into fashion in German-speaking countries . In the early 2010s, braids gained further international attention through popular fantasy films and series such as The Hunger Games (2012) and Game of Thrones (since 2011), as well as the braided hairstyles designed by Sam McKnight, which appeared on the Haute- Couture company Chanel were presented.

Asia and America

In India , many Hindu ascetics wear dreadlocks called jatas . Young girls and women in India often wear a long braided neck braid. In the Upanishads , braided hair is mentioned as one of the main charms of female seduction. A great braiding tradition existed in Mongolia , where there was traditionally the belief that the human soul resides in the hair. The hair was only braided when death approached. In Japan , the samurai wore a high-tied ponytail ( chonmage ), a hairstyle that is still common today among sumo wrestlers . Japanese women wore all kinds of braids (三 つ 編 み, mitsuami ) until the late 20th century ; Since the school regulations forbade other hairstyles, in addition to the bob haircut, only braids remained, especially for girls . In China, girls traditionally wore straight bangs and braids (辮子, biànzi ). With the Manchu, men have long braided their hair. After conquering Beijing in 1644 and establishing the Qing Dynasty , they forced the men of the conquered Han Chinese to wear this hairstyle as well, in which the forehead and sides were shaved and a braid was left behind (易服, tìfà yìfú ). The Han felt this humiliation because, out of respect for Confucian customs, they had traditionally never cut their hair. The last emperor, Puyi , cut his braid in 1912 (making this male hairstyle out of fashion in China), the same year that China became a republic.

Braid hairstyles were widespread among many North American Indians , with traditions differing greatly from people to people. Among the Quapaw, for example, young girls adorned themselves with spiral braids, while married women wore their hair loose. The Lenape women wore their hair very long and often braided it into braids. The Blackfeet men wore pigtails, mostly on the left and right behind the ear. The Kiowa men often tied pieces of fur around their braids. Among the Maya women wore elaborate hairstyles made up of two braids, while the men wore a large braid that was wrapped around their entire head.

In Jamaica , the Rastafari movement arose in the 1930s , a Christian denomination carried by the descendants of African slaves, whose followers often wear dreadlocks and untrimmed beards in consideration of the Old Testament haircutting ban.

  • A sadhu (Calcutta, 2013)

  • Young Chinese (1972)

  • Three male hair styles that were allowed in China during the Qing Dynasty

  • An Assiniboine Indian (1909)

Open braid

Open braids

While in the narrowest sense only a braid is called a "plait", the expression often also refers to strands of hair that are only held together by a rubber band, braid clips or the like.

Ponytail
A long, single open braid worn at the back of the head. This hairstyle gained popularity from France, among others, through Pablo Picasso , who created numerous portraits of Sylvette David in the 1950s , on which she is repeatedly depicted with a ponytail . The designer Karl Lagerfeld has been attracting public attention to the male ponytail since 1976 . This hairstyle has its historical predecessor in the male wig hairstyles of the 18th century (see above ).
A half ponytail is an open braid tied from just the top hair; Hair rooted on the lower half of the head falls loosely. As a female hairstyle, the half ponytail was already widespread in the late 19th century. He can often be seen in paintings by Pierre-Auguste Renoir .
Rat tails
Also rat tail; English instead pigtails or piggytails ("pig tails "). Two open braids worn behind the ears. In Japan, inspired by manga characters like Sailor Moon , young women occasionally wear rat tails in combination with two Odango hair buns.

  • Picasso's sculpture Sylvette in Rotterdam

  • Ponytail

  • Half ponytail (Renoir: Girl at the Piano, 1892)

  • Multi-part ponytail

  • Rat tail

Tied braids

Braids can also be held together by tying them multiple times or by wrapping them with ribbon or other material over a longer distance.

In its simplest form, a ponytail is tied with several additional hair ties evenly spaced. In particular, thick strands of hair are of course given a rigidity by tying them multiple times, which is usually not desired with hanging braids. A more supple variant is the twist around braid , which is tied like a hair elastic, but whose individual segments are threaded through the segment above.

  • Hair tie

Renoir: The Braid (1887)

Braided braids

Basic techniques of braiding hair

Due to the regrowth of fallen hair, each strand of hair contains longer and shorter hair, with the latter easily falling out of the limbs when braiding. In order to increase the cohesion of the strands, hairdressing cream or hair gel is often used, especially in more demanding braiding techniques ; simple alternatives are moistening the hair or braiding unwashed hair, because the natural oil from the skin also ensures cohesion. Since curly hair is easier to braid than straight hair, the hair is sometimes pretreated with a curling iron. Some makers of plaited cliffs to braid their hair so long braids can be braided and looks the hairstyle lush.

The appearance of a braid depends, among other things, on whether it is braided tightly or loosely. Just like ponytails, however, braids should not be braided too tightly, as this can lead to local hair loss in the long term ("traction alopecia"). The widespread belief that pigtail hairstyles accelerate hair growth must be classified as an urban myth against this backdrop.

The appearance of a braid can also be modified in other ways, e.g. B. by unevenly strong pull on the different strands, by a combination of thick and thin strands, by braiding ribbons or by braiding plaits.

Three and more strand techniques

There are two closely related basic techniques in braiding three-strand braids. The first, widely used, is often referred to as the "English" technique and produces a V-shaped pattern on the front. The second technique is also known as "Dutch braid" and creates an A-shaped pattern. With simple braids, such as hanging braids, it does not matter which technique is chosen. The distinction only comes into play with more artistic braid hairstyles. Braids that are braided directly along the head using the “Dutch” technique appear a little more raised. “French” or “English” braids, on the other hand, are closer to the head. The difference between an “English” and a “French” braid lies solely in the starting point of the braid: The English braid begins at the nape of the neck and the entire braid part swings freely, while the French braid - a plaited in braid - starts at the top of the head by regularly picking up hair and only swings freely at the lower end.

  • The parts of a braided pigtail: 1st neck, 2nd strand / strand, 3rd link, 4th elastic, 5th tassel, 6th loose hair

  • A technology

  • A and V technology in comparison

  • V-technique

Corresponding processes can be carried out with four or more strands. The upper limit of what a skilled person can braid with bare hands is around nine strands.

  • A four-strand plait, made of three normal strands and a fine plait

  • Four-strand technique (flat)

  • Four-strand technique (round)

  • Five-strand technique

Two-strand technique

Fischgrätzopf (plait of corn)
With this two-strand technique, the two main strands remain next to each other and are not interwoven themselves, but merely serve as material resources for thin strands that are laid alternately to the left and right, which are taken from the outer edge of one main strand and led to the inner edge of the other main strand. One variant is the inverted herringbone pot , in which the strands are not crossed on the front, but on the back of the main strands; As a result, there is no V but an A pattern at the front. Another, more demanding variant is the four-sided herringbone pot , which is created when alternating two turns of the normal and two turns of the inverted herringbone pot are braided.

  • Herringbone pot

  • Herringbone technique

  • Four-sided herringbone pot

Hanging braids

Neck braid
Also: English braid , hanging braid . A braid in V-technique that hangs down from the neck. A variant is the side braid, which is plaited behind the earlobe and hangs down over the shoulder as an eye-catcher.
Hanging braids
If two hanging braids are worn, these are usually braided starting behind the earlobes with neatly parted hair. According to film models, such braids are sometimes referred to as " Heidi braids", although the novel Johanna Spyris had " short, frizzy hair ". Another fictional wearer of pigtails was the girl Rapunzel from the Grimm children's and household tales . Astrid Lindgren and her illustrator Ingrid Vang Nyman immortalized their upturned braids as a symbol of cheeky self-confidence in their children's book Pippi Longstocking , published in 1945 . In the USA, Judy Garland prominently represented the pigtail hairstyle with her role as Dorothy in the film The Wizard of Oz (1939), and later Lisa Loring, who played the daughter Wednesday Addams in the television series The Addams Family (1964/65), as also Laura Ingalls in the television series Our Little Farm . The change from double braids to neck braids traditionally marks the transition from childhood to adulthood in many cultures.
Pixie braids
The entire head of hair can also be braided into small braids. In German, such braids are often blurred as braids (English for "pigtails"). In the English-speaking world, where the more specific expression "Pixie braids" comes from, the hairstyle is mainly worn by African American women and girls. A well-known male wearer is the British singer Boy George . If the strands of hair are picked up in such a way that regular (e.g. box-shaped or diamond-shaped) areas are formed on the scalp, the braids are called box braids . The finished braids are either secured with short, if possible invisible, elastic bands or heated at the tips so that the hair sticks together. Because of the time it takes to do hairstyle, braids stay in the hair for two to four weeks. If the braids are partially braided, one does not speak of braids , but of cornrows .

  • Braiding a neck braid

  • Make-up artist doing plait

  • Woman with hanging braid (Sri Lanka)

  • Girl with multiple braids (Madagascar)

  • Pixie braids

Fixed braids

The designer Natacha Rambova with a snail hairstyle (1920)
Loop braid
Also known as the “monkey swing”: the simplest form of a pinned plait. In this hairstyle, which is almost exclusively worn by girls and usually in pairs, the braid is put up inwards to form a loop and the tassel is hidden and pinned behind the base of the braid.
Wreath braid
A braid that is plaited as a hanging braid and then placed around the head like a wreath and pinned, whereby the tassel is well hidden.
A traditional example is the Gretchen braid, made of two tightly plaited hanging braids, the starting points of which are behind the ears. The finished braids are led around the front of the head in opposite directions and pinned behind the other ear. For a classic Gretchen braid, very long hair is required that extends roughly to the navel. The name of this double wreath hairstyle goes back to the evening scene in Goethe's Faust drama , in which Margarete appears, “ plaiting and untying her braids ”. In English, the same hairstyle is called Heidi braid .
A peasant's crown can be braided from at least waist-length hair , which is a single braid that is wrapped around the entire head.
If the wreath is not pinned close to the hairline, but closer to the top of the head, one speaks in German of a plait crown or Gretchenkrone . If the hair isn't long enough for that, this hairstyle can also be braided in.
Many modern wreath hairstyles are not composed of one or two, but of significantly more braids.
Braided topknot
A braid can be rolled up and pinned into a topknot , with a hairnet or other aids providing a more stable hold. Adult women usually wear the hairstyle on the back of their head, while girls often wear hair snails.
Snail hairstyles
This is a variant of the hair knot in which the braid is rolled up as flat as possible so that the spiral structure remains clearly visible. Some hair snails - such as the hairstyle that Carrie Fisher wore as Princess Leia in the movie Star Wars (1977) - are not twisted out of braids at all, but pure buns without any braiding technique.

  • Girl with Loop Braids (Germany, 1946)

  • Julija Tymoshenko with a peasant's crown

  • braided topknot

  • Girls with Braided Wreath and Snail Hairstyles (Germany, 1833)

Plaited braids are usually tied close to the scalp.

Plaited braids

When making braids, new strands of hair are continuously added to the resulting braid. If these techniques are carried out close to the scalp, the braid will lie firmly against the head without any further aids. Compared to simply braided braids, these techniques also offer the advantage that even relatively short hair can be incorporated into the braid.

In addition to the classic French or Dutch technique, in which new strands are added to the resulting braid, there are braiding techniques in which strands are reversed from a resulting braid. These strands that initially fall out loosely - in English one speaks of feathers - can then be braided further or used for any other purpose.

Most of the following techniques require sophisticated finger guidance, but no further aids and can basically be performed on their own hair by those who are trained.

  • The principle of a plait

  • The principle of a feather braid

Three-strand techniques

French technique
The French braid ( tresse française ) is made out of three strands like an ordinary braid, but with the special feature that a new strand of hair is added to each strand that is braided in from the side - i.e. from the left or right - which has not yet been added Was part of the three main strands. In the full French technique, strands are braided in from the left and right. The technology is based on the V-technology. Overbraiding the strands means that the resulting plait does not rest on the adjacent hair, but rather sinks into it. Four and more strand braids can also be braided; however, a symmetrical appearance is only achieved if an odd number of strands is used.
Dutch technique
The Dutch braid is the equivalent of the French technique, in which each strand is passed under the middle strand of hair to be crossed (A technique). By braiding the strands, the resulting braid protrudes significantly higher than a French braid from the neighboring hair.

  • French plait

  • Dutch braid

  • French technique

  • Dutch technique

  • Five-strand braid, braided in the Dutch technique

Half French braid and half Dutch braid
With these variants of the above-mentioned techniques, which are usually guided more or less horizontally, new strands of hair are not fed from both sides but only from one side. The braid appears asymmetrical as a result. The half French braid is also known as a lace braid , especially if it is not done close to the scalp, but instead strands are continuously fed to the braid that are rooted further away. In this way it is possible, among other things, to plait braids across falling hair.

  • Half French braid technique

  • Half French braid (new strands only from the top)

  • Half Dutch braid (new strands only from above)

Two-strand techniques

French Twist
A two-strand technique in which the two strands are continuously wound around each other. Before each twist, however, a new strand from the adjacent hair is fed to each strand. When all of the hair is used up, the French cord can turn into a braid. A widely used variant is half French cord (English Twist Braid ) d. H. a French cord to which new strands are fed from only one side (from above). The half French cord is often used as a headband braid , i. H. to keep bangs and other hair that would otherwise fall over the forehead and temples out of the face. With a little skill, the half French cord can also be used as a twisting pigtail or roll so that it does not look like a cord, but seamless.
Braided herringbone pot
The herringbone pot can also be braided with strands that are continuously removed from the rest of the hair.

  • French cord

  • Half French cord

  • Braided herringbone pot

Plaited braids with hanging braid or topknot

Classic French braid (peasant braid)
A French braid that begins either at the base of the forehead or at the upper back of the head and extends to the nape of the neck. The lower part, to which no more strands can be added, is worked like an ordinary pigtail. This braid was popularized by Angelina Jolie , among others , who wore it as Lara Croft in the movie Tomb Raider (2001). The French braid can be braided in almost any direction and finished with a hanging braid, a hidden braid or a topknot.
Princess Anne braid
Two full French braids, which are led from the forehead to the neck on the left and right of the head and are braided together in a hanging braid (V-technique). One variant that became popular with the film The Hunger Games is that the braided ends are not left hanging, but are pinned into a wide knot.
Classic Dutch braid
The equivalent of the classic French braid, but braided using the Dutch technique. The Dutch braid can also be made in countless shapes. The Katniss braid , a Dutch braid drawn diagonally around the head from top left to bottom right, has been popular among teenagers in the USA since 2012 - inspired by the main character in The Hunger Games , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence . Another variant is the Dutch flower braid : a full Dutch braid, which - starting at the forehead - is drawn in an S-shaped arch to the back of the head, where it merges into a braid that is wound up into a snail and pinned.
Cornrows
In the Dutch technique, the entire head hair can be braided in many small braids. This hairstyle, also called track braids , originated in Africa and the Caribbean. Cornrows had been common in the African American community since the early 1970s; Cicely Tyson was one of the trendsetters , who at that time repeatedly appeared in public with delicate Nigerian braiding techniques. Men also wore the hairstyle, including Stevie Wonder . To popularize cornrows among non-African-born wearers, u. a. the actress Bo Derek , who was seen with this hairstyle in 1979 in the film Ten - The Dream Woman . Since then, other white celebrities of both sexes have appeared wearing cornrows. Cornrows can be braided in almost any direction and even crosswise. Because of the time it takes to braid, they are worn for around two weeks.

  • Classic French braid ("peasant braid")

  • Princess Anne braid

  • Classic Dutch braid

  • Dutch flower braid

  • French cord that ends in a cord braid

  • Man with cornrows

Leading close to the head with hidden pigtail end

Hair band braid
Also side crown braid , side french braid : A braid mostly braided in the French technique, which is run along the forehead or across the front of the head in order to set an accent and to prevent hair from falling on the face. In the United States, this hairstyle was more recently popularized by Lauren Conrad .
Waterfall braid
A variant of the French braid that is braided around the back of the head in a wreath-like shape from temple to temple. Similar to the French braid, new strands are continuously added from both sides (because of the horizontal guidance: from above and from below). However, for each strand that is picked up from below, a different one is dropped. As a result, part of the hair falls open - placed in even bundles through the braid. If necessary, springs can be branched off on both sides. A simpler variant is the Waterfall Twist , in which two strands of hair are continuously wound around each other, with a strand removed from the remaining, falling hair being passed through each winding.
Wreath of hair, crown hairstyle
This is a Dutch braid that, when hair is parted, is braided around the entire head like a wreath. In English the hairstyle is called Dutch Crown Braid , Milkmaid Braid ("milk maid braid") or Halo Braid ("halo braid"). A variant is the spiral braid , which is braided around the entire head in a spiral around three times starting from the upper back of the head.

  • Waterfall braid

  • Waterfall braid technique

  • Braided wreath of hair

  • Spiral braid

  • Starburst Crown Braid

Lead on another braid

Braided ponytail
Ponytails can be braided with half or whole French or Dutch braids in a variety of ways.
Two-layer braid (stacked braid)
For the multi-layer braid - that is a falling braid, on which a second braid is braided - you need very strong hair. In order to braid a French braid on a hanging braid, the basic braid is braided in a V-technique, but a strand ("feather") is removed from each link. In the second step, a (narrower) Dutch braid is braided from the feathers, which rests directly on the wider first braid. It is also possible to braid a French cord or a herringbone braid on the base braid.
Connected braids
Two parallel hanging braids can be connected by intertwining the links of the second braid directly with those of the first. A second possible technique is to branch off "feathers" from the first braid and weave them into the second. It is far easier to pin braids together with hairpins.

  • Ponytail with a spiral lace braid

  • A ponytail with half a Dutch braid in it

  • Stacked braid

  • Tangled braids

  • In the lower, hanging part of this hairstyle, half a Dutch braid was braided onto a feather braid made in V-technique on the left and right.

Leadership in the falling hair

Lace braided bangs
In this modern technique, half a French braid is braided into the falling hair some distance from the scalp so that the braid forms the lower end of the falling hair. Lace braids can also be used for updos.

  • Lace braid

  • Mermaid braid

Woven hair

Related techniques

A technique closely related to braiding is hair weaving . The result is not braids, but flat or relief-like structures. Hair weaving differs from four-strand and multi-strand braiding, which is done only with the hands, by the use of a special tool.

Modifications to the braid

The appearance of a braid can be further modified after braiding. Widespread is z. B. a subsequent loosening or disheveling. Here are a few more techniques:

Pancake braid
A freely plaited or plaited plait, the links of which are subsequently loosened and flattened. This makes the braid appear wider and more extensive. The prerequisite is that the braid is loosely braided from the start.
Upset braids
A snake braid or snake in the tree braid is created when, in an ordinary three-strand hanging braid, one strand is pulled tightly away from the head while the other two strands are compressed towards the head. The technique is suitable for smaller braids that are supposed to form an accent in the hairstyle. The same modification is also possible with a four-strand braid.
Bow braid
A tightly braided full or half French braid, in which strands from the neighboring hair are subsequently pulled through with a hairpin so that the impression of loops is created.
Sewn braids
Especially when reconstructing medieval braided hairstyles, a coarse embroidery or darning needle is often used to thread loops, cords and the like into the braid hairstyle.

  • Pancake braid; the braid appears extra wide due to the subsequent modification

  • Snake braid

Knotted ponytail

Knotted braids

Occasionally, knotting techniques are used in hairdressing . With the nodes of strands of hair ornamental elements can be created; it is often used to decorate ponytails. Structures can also be knotted that are based on plaited or plaited plaits. Even crochet loops can be used; they are knotted with bare fingers.

  • With this knotting technique z. B. a ponytail can be decorated.

  • Knotting technique that provides a knotted braid

  • This crochet technique also results in a knotted braid.

Twisted hair

Twisted braids

Since twisted strands of hair tend to return to their original state, they must either be paired or pinned.

Cord braid
This braid, the engl. Rope braid is made up of two strands of hair that, while being twisted around each other, are twisted (twisted) in the same directions. This technique is relatively easy to do, but less stable than a braid. Women of African descent use this technique to twist the entire head of hair into many fine braids ( micro twists , Senegalese twists ). However, it is also suitable for more complex hairstyles.
Alternative two-strand braid
In this little-known technique, which results in a braid with a deliberately irregular, braided appearance, two strands are twisted a few centimeters in opposite directions and finally put together. The unified strand is split to create two new strands; these in turn are twisted, etc.
Wrong herringbone pot
This braid, consisting of two oppositely twisted strands, is similar to a herringbone braid, but is much easier to make. The two strands are held together with bobby pins.

  • Cord braid

  • Senegalese twists

  • Two-strand braid (alternative technique)

  • alternative technique

  • Wrong herringbone pot

Modifications to the braid

Flip
Hanging braids, like ponytails or neck braids, can be "flipped". With this technique, the braid, loosely tied with an elastic, is pulled through the base of the braid behind the elastic. More complex hairstyles with multiple flips are also possible.
Wrapped ponytail
If the hair elastic is to be hidden, a thin strand of hair can be wrapped around the braid. This is either fastened with a hidden hairpin, or it is pulled through the elastic into the ponytail with a tool. The ponytail base can also be wrapped in a braid.

There are also far more complex options for designing a braid.

  • Flip

  • Wrapped ponytail

Twisted braids

Dreadlocks (also short dreads or felt curls ) are held together by twisting and then matting the hair. The word originally expresses disgust in English ( dread = fear, horror) - matting of the hair was known as a result of careless hair care. Even in the 19th century, doctors assumed that the matting of the hair on the head (" Weichselzopf ") was a serious health problem. In the 20th century, the word dreadlocks experienced a change in connotation and has been used purely descriptively since then. Dreadlocks are common in many cultures; within the German-speaking area, this hairstyle is mainly used by the Jamaican Rastafarians .

  • Man with dreadlocks

  • Woman with dreadlocks

  • Short dreadlocks

1. Comb, 2. Brush, 3. Handle Comb, 4. Threader, 5. Hair clips, 6. Hairpins, 7. Hair clips, 8. Transparent hair ties, 9. Woven hair ties, 10. Hair accessories

Tools

The tools that are used in making braids include a comb and hairbrush , which are used to remove knots and straighten all of the hair on the head. The use of a large (special) brush with as many elastic bristles as possible is recommended for children in particular. The tip of a stem comb can be used to neatly part the strands to be braided from the rest of the hair. Hair clips are used to keep hair that is not currently being worked with out of the working area.

Hair ties hold the braid on horse and rat tails. They hold the finished work together with plaited, knotted and twisted braids. Woven hair ties are more tear-resistant than those that are not covered and, because they do not bite into the hair, can be removed more easily later. Another criterion for choosing the type of rubber is the desired appearance. A variety of decorative elements, such as: B. Braid clasps are used.

With bobby pins and hairpins, wreaths of hair, knots, snails and the like are pinned and held together. Hair clips are also used to put unruly strands back into a braid. The threading tool can be used in many ways; Among other things, it makes it easier to make a flip . However, it can also be used to weave hair or hide strands that may have been forgotten during braiding.

The braid in eroticism and psychoanalysis

Some fetishists find braids a powerful erotic stimulant. The most common French braid , braided from the forehead to the nape of the neck if possible, is mentioned in this context .

Even in older psychiatric literature there is occasional mention of fetishists who cut off female braids in order to gain possession of the coveted object. For example, the Swiss psychiatrist Auguste Forel describes the case of a Berlin braid cutter from 1906, in which 31 braids were found. Richard von Krafft-Ebing had already tried to gain a deeper understanding of hair fetishism in the late 19th century.

In the psychoanalytic literary interpretation, however, authors deal with pigtail cutters to this day. Relevant interest has z. B. An episode in Ernest Hemingway's novel Whom the Hour Strikes Excited. In Totem and Tabu (1913), Sigmund Freud interpreted hair cutting as symbolic castration . Some authors later followed him in and saw a penis substitute in the braid . Others, on the other hand, interpreted braids as a symbol of virginity and the disentangling or cutting of the braid as a symbol of defloration.

Braid groups in mathematics and physics

In mathematics there is the field of so-called braid groups , in which the Hamburg mathematician Emil Artin excelled. The crucial idea is that braids can be wound around each other, which on the one hand results in the structural diversity of the systems and on the other hand the possibilities for the mathematical description of the relationships. The field also has applications in the physics of superconductivity (e.g. so-called “flow lines”) or in the “ spaghetti ” states of quantum field theory .

literature

German

  • Andrea Jeffery: Great braids. Styling ideas for all occasions from sporty to elegant; with detailed braiding instructions. Bertelsmann Club, Rheda-Wiedenbrück 1997, DNB 951088114 .

English

  • Diane Carol Bailey, Diane Da Costa: Milady Standard Hair Care & Braiding . Milady, 2013, ISBN 978-1-133-69368-0 . (Techniques for african hair)
  • Diane Carol Bailey, Jamie Rines Jones: Braiding. Easy styles for everyone . Cengage Learning, 2001, ISBN 0-7668-3764-5 .
  • Thomas Hardy: Great Braids! The New Way to Exciting Hairstyles . Sterling, 1997, ISBN 0-8069-8617-4 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Zopf  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Commons : Braids  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Braid  - Quotes

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ Boris Paraschkewow: Words and names of the same origin and structure. Lexicon of etymological duplicates in German . De Gruyter, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-11-017470-7 , pp. 397 ( limited online version in Google Book search). Hjalmar Falk , Alf Torp : Vocabulary of the Germanic language unit . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1979, ISBN 3-525-26405-4 , pp.  168 . ( limited online version in Google Book Search); Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm: German Dictionary. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Friedrich Schmitthenner: Short German dictionary for etymology, synonymics and orthography . 2nd Edition. G. Jonghans, 1837, p. 485, 562 f., 566 ( limited online version in Google Book Search).
  3. ↑ Comb hair against the grain and thereby fluff it up; see: wikt: toupieren
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  8. ↑ Orilonise: The Hermeneutics of the Head and Hair Styles among the Yoruba. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
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  33. ^ Archaeological State Museum Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig
  34. ↑ Top Ten Wrong Ideas About Vikings. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Viking Age Hairstyles, Haircare, and Personal Grooming. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
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  36. ^ Commons: Mary Magdalene , z. B. Tintoretto: Magdalena penitente
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  52. ^ Rat Tail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . Urban Dictionary; Boys with Mullet or Rattail Hairstyles. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
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  69. ^ Sylvanus Griswold Morley: An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs . Courier Dover, 1915, p. 7 . ( limited online version in Google Book Search)
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  71. ↑ Sailor Moon Hair. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  72. ↑ Heatless, Summer Sectioned Ponytail. Retrieved October 27, 2013 .
  73. ↑ Hair tie. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Bubble ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (Variant with teased segments)
  74. ↑ Twist Around Side Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Faux Braid Hairstyles in under a Minute: Look 2. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Photo. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Everyday Fancy Loop Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (Variant)
  75. ↑ Example: How To: Six (6) Strand Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  76. ↑ Wolfgang Raab: Hair diseases in dermatological practice . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-20527-9 , pp. 35 . ( limited online version in Google Book Search)
  77. ↑ Back-to-school ponytail styles: Infinity ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (unequal pull); Textured braids. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Irregular Braid Headband Hairstyles. Archived from the original on April 18, 2013 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (unequal strands), Unique 4 Strand Braid (braid in braid). Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Dutch Multi-Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . Braid made of plaits
  78. ↑ In English, individual hairs or strands that fall out of the braid because they are too short are referred to as fly-aways , pop-outs or wispies ; there is no catchy term in German. Colloquially, unruly hair is sometimes referred to as "Krissel", in advertising also as "Frizz".
  79. ↑ How to do a five (5) strand braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . five-strand braiding; Checkerboard Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . Plait with a plaited bow; Intricate 5-strand braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . five-strand plait with a plaited micro braid
  80. ↑ 9 strand from above. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  81. ↑ How to: Round or 3D 4 Strand Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . shown on the hair, How to Tie a Four Strand Round Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . shown on colored cord
  82. ↑ Fischgrätzopf. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Summer Fishtail Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (Herringbone pot with woven colored threads); Fluffy Fishtail Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (partial herringbone pot); Super easy braided ponytail. Retrieved October 27, 2013 . (Herringbone braid that turns into a ponytail)
  83. ↑ Reverse Fishtail Braid. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  84. ^ Box {Four-Sided} Fishtail Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  85. ↑ Victoria Sherrow: Encyclopedia of Hair. A cultural history . Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 2006, ISBN 0-313-33145-6 , pp. 94, 216 . ( limited online version in Google Book Search)
  86. ↑ What are pixie braids? Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  87. ↑ Box Braids. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  88. ↑ 5 Tips for Rocking Braids. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  89. ↑ Gretchenzopf. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  90. ↑ Braided plait crown. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 . image
  91. ↑ Examples: Grecian Halo Crown Braid. Retrieved October 30, 2013 . (Wreath at the back of the head made of 8 plaits); Game of Thrones Hair: Medieval Braided Hair. Retrieved October 30, 2013 . (Wreath on the top of the head made of 6 plaits with falling hair)
  92. ^ The Grecian Braid "Wheel." Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (complex snail hairstyle, which is put together from several braids)
  93. ↑ One of the innumerable possible uses is to braid the feather back one link further: Feather Loop Braid Hair. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  94. ↑ Diane Carol Bailey, Jamie Rines Jones: Braiding. Easy styles for everyone . Delmar, Albany, NY 2002, ISBN 0-7668-3764-5 , pp. 71 ff . ( limited online version in Google Book Search); French Braid: Executed on another person's hair. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Execution on your own hair. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  95. ↑ 4 beach french braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , 8 strand French / Dutch braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  96. ↑ Dutch braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Dutch braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  97. ↑ Lace braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  98. ^ French twist into rope braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  99. ^ Greek goddess crown braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Side flat twists. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Crown twist braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (half French cord, braided as a wreath)
  100. ↑ Game of Thrones Hair: Missandei Inspired. Retrieved October 30, 2013 .
  101. ↑ Fishtail Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; French Fishtail Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Side Swept French Fish Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , French Fishtail Seashell Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  102. ↑ page with examples. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Celebrity French Braid Bun. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  103. ↑ Princess Anne braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  104. ↑ Katniss braids. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . "Double French Fold In"
  105. ↑ Katniss Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Wrap-around prim braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (Variation)
  106. ↑ Dutch flower braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Swirl French braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (a similar hairstyle)
  107. ↑ Victoria Sherrow: Encyclopedia of Hair. A cultural history . Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 2006, ISBN 0-313-33145-6 , pp. 97 . ( limited online version in Google Book Search)
  108. ↑ History of Cornrow Braiding. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  109. ↑ Bo Derek braids. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  110. ↑ Examples: 18 Celebrities Who Should Have Never Gotten Cornrows. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Cornrow-sporting celebrities. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  111. ↑ Criss Cross Braids. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  112. ↑ Braided headband. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . German instructions; How to Style a Double Braided Headband. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Subtle twist side braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . Combination of headband braid and side braid; How to Do a Side Crown Braid on Yourself. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; How to Do a Fishtail Headband. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  113. ↑ Waterfall braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . Photo; Executed on someone else's hair. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Execution on your own hair. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . To enhance the water character, falling hair is still often treated with a curling iron ( Curled waterfall braid. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013 , accessed on 14 October 2013 . Photo). If you lower the loose ends of a anflicht Wasserfallzopfes some distance half a French braid, you get a Ladder Braid , which is a ladder-like Twinbraid ( Ladder Braid. Retrieved on October 14, 2013 . ; Photo Ladder Braid. Retrieved on October 14, 2013 . ). A second French braid can also be woven directly ( Stacked Waterfall Braid Side Ponytail. Accessed on 14 October 2013 . ). Another variant is that the falling hair is tied in a ponytail. Countless other variants are possible; Example: Waterfall Braid & Accents. Retrieved October 28, 2013 .
  114. ↑ Waterfall into double French backs. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (vertical waterfall braid , from which feathers are branched off on both sides , which are then woven into French braids)
  115. ↑ Waterfall Twist. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  116. ↑ Crown Braid, full Dutch technique. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Crown braid, half Dutch technique. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  117. ↑ French Spiral Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Photo. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  118. ↑ With the Starburst crown braid, a ponytail is first tied at the top of the head. In the wreath, which is braided in the French technique, strands are gradually worked into, which are taken from the ponytail; the result is a wreath hairstyle that merges into a star-shaped structure at the top. Photo. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .  ; Starburst Crown Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .  ; Conch Shell or Nautilus Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (Variation)
  119. ↑ Examples of spiral guides: Spiral Lace Braid Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Winding Lace Braid Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Carousel Winding Lace Braid Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (Variant); Examples of straight guidance: Stripe Braid Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Ladder Braid Ponytail Hairstyle. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Ladder Braid Side Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Lobster Tail Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Example of braiding a full French braid: Cage Braid Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  120. ↑ Stacked Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Stacked 3D Braids. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Photo. Archived from the original on September 16, 2013 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  121. ↑ Stacked Twist Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Stacked Fishtail Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  122. ↑ Interwoven Basket 11-Strand Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  123. ^ Stripe Overlay Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  124. ↑ Mermaid Tail Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  125. ↑ Lace Braided Bangs. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Simple Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; How to Create a Cute Front Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Photo. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  126. ↑ Examples: Princess Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , How to Style a Princess Braided Updo. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Fold-over Lace Braid Updo. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Drape Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  127. ↑ The mermaid or rib-cage braid is a thin braid on the back of the head, braided using the French technique, in which strands of the hair near the face and neck are braided at regular intervals. The finished hairstyle is modeled on the tail of a mermaid. Mermaid / Rib-cage braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Mermaid Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Mermaid French Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Cage. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (German instructions). The hairstyle can also be braided into a waterfall braid Waterfall Twists into Mermaid Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Photo. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  128. ↑ Basket Weave Hairstyle. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  129. ↑ Pancake Braid. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Photo. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  130. ^ Snake in the Tree Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; How to: Snake Braid Headband. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  131. ↑ 4-strand slide-up braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  132. ↑ Bow Braids Hairstyle Tutorial. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; The bow braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  133. ↑ Examples: Game of Thrones Hair: Missandei Inspired. Retrieved October 30, 2013 . (half French cord with sewn-in loop); Corset braids. Retrieved October 28, 2013 . (Dutch braids connected with threaded loops)
  134. ↑ 1 Minute Back to School Hairstyles: Half Up Half Down Hairstyle. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Knotted headband. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Feather Chain Braid hairstyles. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Honeycomb hairband. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  135. ↑ Chinese Staircase Stitch Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Knotted Messy Side Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Back-to-school ponytail styles: Knotted Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Cobra Braid Side Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  136. ↑ falling knot braid: Cobra Stitch Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Knotted Braids : 2 Strand Knotted French Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Spiral French Braid Side Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Slip knot ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Slip knot braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Slip Knot Seashell Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; How to do a Daisy Chain / Knotted Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Chinese Staircase Knotted Headband. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , X Loop: Invented Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  137. ↑ Crochet Stitch Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; 1 Minute Back to School Hairstyles: Pulled Back Hairstyle. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Crochet stitch updo. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  138. ↑ If additional hair is picked up in each round, the strand can be tied over many rounds.
  139. ↑ Example of pinned twist braids Triple Twisted Pony Tail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  140. ↑ Cord braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Cord braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  141. ↑ Examples: Triple-Twist Ponytail. Retrieved October 25, 2013 . ; Great twist braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Zig-zag twists. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  142. ↑ Alternative braid. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Faux Braid Hairstyles in under a Minute: Look 1. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  143. ↑ False Fishtail Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Faux Fishtail Braid. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  144. ↑ Flip. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Back-to-school ponytail styles: Flip-in ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . (Flip variant)
  145. ↑ Examples: Quadruple-Flipped Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . , Quadruple-Flipped Ponytail # 2. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  146. ↑ Hair Wrapped Ponytail (No Bobby Pins). Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  147. ↑ Braided wrap-around ponytail. Retrieved October 27, 2013 .
  148. ↑ Example: Gossip Girl Ponytail. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; Easy knotted ponytail. Retrieved October 27, 2013 . (knotted ponytail base)
  149. ^ New Rhenish Conversations Lexicon. or hand-held encyclopedic dictionary for educated classes . Louis Bruere, Cologne 1836, p. 259 . ( limited online version in Google Book Search)
  150. ^ The History of Dreadlocks. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  151. ↑ Trade name: Topsy Tail . Be a threaders can with simple means also made itself ( How to make a Topsy Tail tool. Retrieved on October 14, 2013 . ).
  152. ↑ WenkaDenka.com A Site for French braid fetishist. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013 ; Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ; French Braid Fetish. Retrieved October 14, 2013 . FlickR
  153. ↑ Auguste Forel: The sexual question. A scientific, psychological and hygienic study along with attempted solutions to important social tasks of the future . 19th edition. Munich 1966, p. 281 .
  154. ^ Richard von Krafft-Ebing: Psychopathia Sexualis. With special consideration of the contrary sexual sensation . Enke, Stuttgart 1892, p. 166-169 . ; Psychopathia sexualis (online text). Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  155. ^ Carl Pl Eby: Hemingway's Fetishism. Psychoanalysis and the Mirror of Manhood . State University of New York Press, Albany 1999, ISBN 0-7914-4003-6 , pp. 79 ff . ( limited online version in Google Book Search)
  156. ↑ Totem and Tabu, paragraph 204. Retrieved October 14, 2013 .
  157. ↑ Timothy Murray: Like a Film. Ideological Fantasy on Screen, Camera and Canvas . Routledge, London 1993, ISBN 0-415-07734-6 , pp. 106 . ( limited online version in Google Book Search); Ralf Junkerjürgen: Hair colors. A cultural history in Europe since antiquity . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-412-20392-4 , pp. 243 f . ( limited online version in Google Book Search); Jay Geller: Hairy Heine, or the Braiding of Gender and Ethnik Difference . In: Christopher E. Forth, Ivan Crozier (eds.): Body Parts . Critical Explorations in Corporeality. Lexington, 2005, ISBN 0-7391-0933-2 , pp. 105-122 . ( limited online version in Google Book Search)
  158. ↑ Max Marcuse (Ed.): Concise Dictionary of Sexual Science. Encyclopedia of the natural and cultural science of human sex education . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2001, ISBN 3-11-017038-8 , pp. 261 f . ( limited online version in Google Book Search)
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on October 27, 2013 .