Comb

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Plastic comb

The comb is a tool that can be used to straighten hair in one direction and get rid of dirt and bugs. It is the oldest body care tool in use . A comb consists of a different number of more or less fine teeth (the prongs ) and a handle that is often extended over the row of teeth. Combs with longer tines can be used to hold hair in place.

materials

A craftsman in Kerala , India, makes combs from horn

Combs were made from ivory , antler, cane, bone , horn, or wood . Rush combs are known from the Neolithic . Tortoiseshell combs became popular in Europe in the 19th century. Modern combs are mostly made of plastics such as celluloid , silicone or hard rubber , less often of stainless steel .

Cultural history

Runes on the ridge of Frienstedt : kaba ( read as kamba )
Jost Amman : Comb maker (1568)

The oldest known ridge so far comes from a cave in Wadi Murabbaʿat in the West Bank . It was made from nine splinters of myrtle wood that were glued to asphalt and then connected with thread. It is dated to 10220 ± 45 BP (uncalculated) (accelerator ETH Zurich). However, it can also be a hackle . Bone ridges are known from Layer B ( Natufien ) of the Kebara Cave in Carmel . Combs from Mureybit (phases IB, II, III) come from the outgoing Natufien (8300-7600 BC cal. ). Even with these, it is not always clear whether they are hair or hackle combs.

Combs have also been used to remove lice and nits from hair. Particularly close tines were used for this. A Coptic wooden comb from Antinoë in Egypt still contained seven nits. Comparable finds are known from the Hellenistic and Roman Palestine .

In the Roman Empire , mirrors and combs were used as feminine symbols, especially on grave steles , but this does not mean that men did not use them.

The ridge from Frienstedt ( Thuringia ) dates from the 3rd century and is carved from deer antlers. The 12.5 cm long comb is the oldest evidence of the West Germanic language in Germany - it bears the word kaba (pronunciation: "kamba") for "comb" as a runic inscription .

In early medieval graves, combs made of bone or antlers are documented for men of the upper class. The three-layer comb was used until the late Middle Ages . An example of this is the Dublin Castle Crest from the High Middle Ages , which was discovered during the 1961/62 excavations at Dublin Castle . It is dated to the 11th to 12th centuries.

Combs in the hairdressing trade

In the hairdressing trade, combs are differentiated according to their purpose and appearance into hair cutting combs, handle combs, water wave combs, hairdressing combs, hair combs and hair combs with hair lifters.

Textile processing

Combs for processing fibers

In textile processing, fibers are prepared for further use such as spinning or felting by means of specific combs . The process is used to evaluate raw materials or to achieve a certain average pile length of the processed fiber type. Three very different methods are used:

A pair of hand cards
  • Short natural fibers such as cotton and short- fiber types of wool are carded , the flat hand cards and drum carding machines are fitted with 1–2 cm long, curved hooks. Several hooks per square centimeter are movably attached to an elastic card covering. The fiber material is pulled apart between two card coverings. Long-staple high-quality cottons are often additionally combed.
  • Long- fiber types of wool are first carded and then combed. A typical yarn for this is worsted . In the combing process, knobs, neps, vegetables and the short fiber content are combed out by machine with the help of needle combs. Depending on the processed fiber length, this combed-out short fiber portion is longer or shorter. Combing out considerably improves the fiber length distribution (staple length) in the top and thus the subsequent yarn values. Combing has a significant effect on the spin limit . Furthermore, the fibers are aligned in parallel in the combing process. After stretching and combing, the fiber composite is returned in tape form for further processing. Hand wool combs consist of up to 20 cm long, very pointed steel prongs that are firmly embedded in the comb in up to 5 rows - offset from one another. One comb is beaten through the wool, which is pinned on another comb. When combing wool, short and weak fibers are sorted out. Only fibers of one length may be combed together.
  • Vegetable, very long natural fibers such as flax and hemp are hackled. Hackles are constructed similarly to wool combs, but the prongs are only 8-10 cm long. There are coarse, medium and fine hackles that are used one after the other to split the bast fibers into ever finer strips. The vegetable fibers are guided through the hackle, not the hackle through the fiber, as in carding and wool combing.

While carding the material remains on the card until the end of the process and is removed without loss as card fleece or card sliver, when combing wool and panting, considerable amounts of inferior remnants occur, the so-called noils or tow . The end product of combing is called the top.

Combs for guiding yarn

Gate combs with slots and holes for ribbon weaving

In the weaving combs are used to the warp threads in a loom ordered or loom to lead.

  • A Webkamm (also reed , Weber blade or reed called) is part of a loom. The warp threads run individually through the narrow slits of the loom. This will hold the warp threads in place across the width of the loom. After the insertion of a weft thread , the weaving comb is moved towards the finished fabric in order to tack the new thread there. The warp threads have leeway in the slots of the loom. Not the comb, but strands ensure that the warp threads are raised and lowered precisely.
  • A frame comb made of wood is used in craft ribbon weaving as well as in hobby and school looms. The webs of a gate comb are drilled through in the middle. The warp threads run alternately through the holes in the webs (perforated threads) and through the slots between the webs (slit threads ) . By raising and lowering the gate comb, the perforated threads are moved with it, while the slit threads maintain their position. In this way, a compartment is created for the shuttle : alternating between a high compartment above the slit threads and a lower compartment under the slit threads . The shuttle is always sent alternately through a high compartment and a low compartment. The comb also serves to press each weft thread onto the finished fabric after it has been inserted.

literature

history

Web links

Commons : Comb  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Comb  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Kamm Duden Online, accessed April 10, 2014
  2. ↑ Ronald Heynowski, Hartmut Kaiser, Ulrike Weller: Cosmetic and medical device: Recognize - determine - describe. Determination book Archeology 4. Berlin, Deutscher Kunstverlag.
  3. ↑ Tamar Schick ת 'שיק: A 10,000 Year Old Comb from Wadi Murabba'at in the Judean Desert. מסרק בן שנה מואדי מורבעאת שבמדבר יהודה. Atiqot 27, 1995, 199-202. JSTOR 23458202 Accessed: 21-10-2016
  4. ↑ Daniele Stordeur: Objets dentés en os de Mureybet (Djezireh, Syrie), des phases IB à III: 8400 à 7600 bc. Paléorient 2/2, 1974, pp. 437-442.
  5. ^ JW Maunder: The appreciation of lice. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 55, 1983, 131.
  6. ^ Ricardo L. Palma: Ancient Head Lice on a Wooden Comb from Antinoë, Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Archeology 77, 1991, 194. JSTOR 3821971 . Accessed: 21-10-2016
  7. ↑ Y K. Mumcuoglu, J. Zia: lice Head, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from haircombs excavated in Israel and dated from the first century BC to the eighth century AD Journal of Medical Entomology 25, 1988, 545-547
  8. ↑ L. Shumka, Designing Women: The Representation of Women's Toiletries on Funerary Monuments in Roman Italy. In: J. Edmondson, A. Keith (Eds.), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture. Phoenix Suppl. 46, Studies in Greek and Roman Social History 1. Toronto, University of Toronto Press 2008, 172–191
  9. ^ Penelope M. Allison: Characterizing Roman Artifacts to investigate gendered Practices in Contexts without sexed Bodies. American Journal of Archeology 119/1, 2015, 110. JSTOR 10 .3764 / aja.119.1.0103 Accessed: 21-10-2016
  10. ↑ Christoph G. Schmidt, Robert Nedoma, Klaus Düwel: The runic inscription on the ridge of Frienstedt, city of Erfurt . In: The language. Volume 49, No. 2, 2010-2011, pp. 123-186
  11. ↑ [1]
  12. ↑ Ursula Kircher: Ribbon weaving with the gate comb , 15 pages ( PDF download )
  13. ↑ Ursula Kircher: Weaving on a frame , 54 pages ( PDF download )
  14. ↑ Ursula Kircher: Weaving on a frame ( PDF download ), p. 20.