Emil Artin

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Emil Artin

Emil Artin (born March 3, 1898 in Vienna , † December 20, 1962 in Hamburg ) was an Austrian mathematician and one of the leading algebraists of the 20th century.

Life

Emil Artin was the son of the art dealer of the same name and the opera singer Emma Laura-Artin . He grew up in the town of Reichenberg (today Liberec ) in Bohemia , where German was spoken almost without exception at the time . He finished his schooling in 1916 and later was drafted to the Austrian army, after spending a semester at one year University of Vienna , the specialist mathematics had studied. After the end of the First World War , he went to the University of Leipzig in 1919 , where he studied with Gustav Herglotz and received his doctorate in 1921. In 1923 Artin completed his habilitation at the University of Hamburg on the subject of square bodies in the area of ​​higher congruences , where he became a private lecturer . In 1925 he became an associate professor. In 1926 he received a call to Münster (Westphalia) , but stayed in Hamburg and became a full professor in the same year.

In 1929 he married his student Natalie Jasny . Together with Emmy Noether , he received the Ackermann-Teubner Memorial Prize in 1932 . In 1933 he signed the professors' commitment to Hitler, the manner in which this list was drawn up in Hamburg and what exactly was signed is controversial. In 1937 Artin was dismissed from the civil service because his wife was of Jewish descent. In the same year the Artin family emigrated to the USA . He worked at the University of Notre Dame from 1937 to 1938 , then at Indiana University in Bloomington (Indiana) until 1946 and at Princeton University between 1946 and 1958 . In 1957 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1958 he returned to Germany, where he worked in Hamburg until the end of his life. In the same year Artin was elected a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences . In 1960 he was elected to the Leopoldina Scholars' Academy . The Hamburg painter and sculptor Robert Schneller (* 1901 †?) Took off the death mask in 1962.

One of his three children is the mathematician Michael Artin (* 1934). His students are z. B. John T. Tate , Serge Lang , Hans Zassenhaus , Bartel Leendert van der Waerden , Max Zorn , Bernard Dwork , David Gilbarg , Nesmith Ankeny .

His estate is kept by the Central Archives of German Mathematicians' bequests at the Lower Saxony State and University Library in Göttingen .

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He mainly worked in the field of algebra and number theory .

In algebra, Artin's rings were named after him. He also examined the theory of formally real bodies . Van der Waerden's famous algebra textbook arose in part from his lectures (and those of Emmy Noether ).

Among other things, he played a major role in the further development of class field theory . For example, his reciprocity law named after him ( Artin's law of reciprocity ) includes all reciprocity laws developed since Gauss . In 1923 he introduced Artin L-functions for number fields. In Princeton , the Artin-Tate Seminar of the 1950s was important for the further development of class field theory using methods from Galois cohomology.

In 1927 he solved Hilbert's 17th  problem in his work on the decomposition of definite functions into squares .

Artin's work laid the basis for today's development of arithmetic geometry . For example, he defined a zeta function for function fields over finite constant fields (i.e. curves), which was later generalized by Friedrich Karl Schmidt .

He also wrote papers on the theory of braid groups (braid groups) who have since found application in theoretical physics, and gave 1924 an early mechanical model with chaotic behavior ( "quasi ergodic paths").

There are two known Artin Conjectures , both unproven. One concerns its L-functions in number theory, the other deals with the distribution of the numbers  p , for which a fixed natural number a is a primitive root mod p .

With George Whaples he gave axiomatic foundations for global bodies in the 1940s and introduced what was later called Adelering .

See also

Works (selection)

  • Collected papers . Addison-Wesley, 1965 (Lang, Tate eds.)
  • Square bodies in the area of ​​higher congruence. 1921 (doctoral thesis). In: Mathematische Zeitschrift , Vol. 19, 1924, pp. 153–246
  • About a new type of L-series . Abh. Mathseminar Hamburg 1923
  • Proof of the general law of reciprocity . Abh.Math. Seminar Hamburg 1927
  • Galois theory . German pocket books, Thun, 3rd edition 1988 (English Galois theory . 1942)
  • Rings with minimum condition . (1948) together with Cecil J. Nesbitt and Robert M. Thrall
  • Geometric algebra . 5th edition, Interscience 1966 (first 1957)
  • Class field theory . 1967, together with John T. Tate (lectures 1951/2)
  • Algebraic numbers and algebraic functions . Nelson 1968
  • Introduction to algebraic topology . Columbus / Ohio, Merrill 1969 (corresponding lectures in Hamburg with Hel Braun, self-published in 1964)
  • Algebra 1,2 . University of Hamburg 1961/2
  • Elements of algebraic geometry . Courant Institute, New York 1955
  • Introduction to the theory of the gamma function . Teubner 1931

Some of Artin's work is online, e.g. B .:

literature

  • Heinrich Behnke : The golden first years of the mathematical institute of the University of Hamburg . In: Mitt. Mathem. Gesellschaft Hamburg , Volume 10, 1976
  • Karin Reich , Alexander Kreutzer (ed.): Emil Artin (1898–1962), contributions to life, work and personality . Rauner, Augsburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-936905-24-3 . Algorism , Volume 61.
  • Karin Reich: Emil Artin - mathematician of world renown . In: Rainer Nicolaysen (ed.): The main building of the University of Hamburg as a place of memory . Hamburg 2011, pp. 141–170
  • Karin Reich: The correspondence between Emil Artin and Helmut Hasse (1937/38 and 1953 to 1958) The friendship of the two scholars in a historical context . EAGLE Volume 103, Leipzig 2018
  • Della Dumbaugh, Joachim Schwermer : Creating a life: Emil Artin in America , Bulletin AMS, Volume 50, 2013, pp. 321-330, ams.org
  • Della Dumbaugh, Joachim Schwermer: Emil Artin and beyond- Class field theory and L-functions, European Mathematical Society 2015 (with contributions by James Cogdell and Robert Langlands )

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Confession of the professors at the German universities and colleges to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist state . 1933, p. 129 ( archive.org ).
  2. ↑ Hans Fischer: Ethnology . In: Eckart Krause, Ludwig Huber, Holger Fischer (eds.): Everyday university life in the “Third Reich”. The Hamburg University 1933–1945 . Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin / Hamburg 1991, vol. 2, p. 597
  3. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 28.
  4. ↑ Maike Bruhns: The new rump . 2013, p. 405
personal data
SURNAME Artin, Emil
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian mathematician
DATE OF BIRTH March 3, 1898
PLACE OF BIRTH Vienna
DATE OF DEATH December 20, 1962
Place of death Hamburg