Khakass
Khakassians ( Circassian Тадар Tadar , " Tatar " Тадарлар Tadarlar , Russian Хакасы Chakasy ) are an ethnic minority in Russia . There they live in the Republic of Khakassia named after them , which is located in southern Siberia . The Khakass are the descendants of the Nenets , Kets and Mongols , some of whom were not Turkicized until the 17th and 19th centuries. Because of their language, they are now counted among the Turkic peoples .
Ethnic groups and older names
According to the 2002 census, around 75,622 people are counted among the Khakass and the majority of them (65,421) live in the republic named after them. But there they represent a minority with only 11.98%.
1,923 were from the Soviet administrative authorities as part of the so-called "nationalization of Russian peoples", under the motto "their own language! Each nation its own republic and every republic" was carried out, the five tribes of Biltir , Sagaj , Qatscha , Xojbal and Xyzyl to the "nation of the Khakass" summarized. These tribes are linguistically and culturally closely related, so that this summary seems justified.
Older Russian names in the period between the 17th and 19th centuries were Минусинские татары / Minussinskie tatary or Абаканские татары / Abakanskie tatary as well as Áчинские татары / Atschinskie tatary . These " Tatars " were named after Russian administrative cities such as Minussinsk or Abakan in whose surroundings they lived. Sometimes the Khakass were also called "Yenisei Turks" because of their dialects belonging to the Turkic languages . They are often seen as descendants of the former "Yenisei-Kirghiz", but this is considered a controversial assignment in Turkology.
Traditional economy
The traditional economy of the Khakass was characterized on the one hand by semi-nomadic cattle breeding and on the other hand by agriculture , hunting and fishing .
Before the Russian subjugation of these peoples by the Tsar's Cossack associations , the so-called “pre-Russian period”, the Biltir, for example, specialized in the blacksmith's trade . (See also: Tschulymer , Kamassiner and Schoren )
religion
The so-called "classical shamanism" was the ethnic religion of the Khakass. The ethnologist Klaus E. Müller speaks of "complex shamanism" and means those forms that have developed a complex ritual culture through contact with other religions and neighboring agricultural societies. The Khakas shamans were the keepers of the clan rites and had to be paid. There used to be horse sacrifices. Nine creator deities lived in the upper world. In the underworld, the god of evil.
Christianization only took place superficially among many remote peoples of Siberia, so that syncretistic mixed religions are common today.
history
Gök-Turk time and belonging to the Uighur empire
In the period between the 6th and 13th centuries, the areas of today's Khakassia formed an essential center of the Yenisei-Kyrgyz people . There they appear as vassals of the Turk . In the 8th century, these areas belonged to the Uighur Empire , who replaced the Turk, now known as the " Göktürken ". But the rule of the Uyghurs did not last long.
Time while belonging to the Kyrgyz empire until the Mongol conquest
As early as the 9th century, the Yenisei-Kyrgyz broke away from Uyghur supremacy and in turn subjugated the Uyghur empire. In the course of this, the Kyrgyz also spread to the east, where parts of them settled on the Kerulen River ( Mongolia ). Remnants of them can be traced back to the 13th century as nomads.
In the years 1207 and 1208, four Kyrgyz khans who remained on the Yenisei and their tribes voluntarily submitted to the Mongol prince Jötschi , the eldest son of Genghis Khan . In doing so, they anticipated a bloody conquest and the Gengiskhanids later married into the various families. So Khakassia formed part of the White Horde .
Time under various Mongol khanates and the conquest by the Oirats
After the end of the Mongol Empire (from 1368), Khakassia alternately belonged to various Mongolian khanates, which were now independent. After belonging to the White Horde, the Khakass were subjugated by the Chagatai Khanate in the 15th century , thereby expanding its sphere of influence to the north. Along with this, the Khakass fell to the short-lived tribal federation of the Mongolian Oirats in the 16th century .
Time under Kazakh rule and later Russian rule
From the 17th century they came under the loose sovereignty of the Kazakhs . But in this century there were also the first clashes with Russian Cossack associations, who began to build fortifications in the area of what is now Khakassia. They were followed by the first Russian settlers and traders.
In the 19th century, the region was incorporated into the Russian Empire and an industrial center developed around the Minussinsk mines from the 1820s . Parts of the locals adopted elements of the Russian way of life in the 19th century and were converted to Orthodox Christianity . During the 1905 revolution in Russia an autonomy movement emerged .
Under Soviet rule until today
After the victory of the Soviet power , a national okrug of the Khakass was founded in 1923 , which in 1930 received the status of an autonomous oblast .
In 1992 the Khakassians declared their independence and proclaimed the Republic of Khakassia as part of the Russian Federation . This took the place of the "Khakassia Autonomous Region".
literature
- Beyaz Arif Akbaş: Khakassia: The Lost Land (Kayıp Ülke Hakasya). Portland State Center for Turkish Studies, Edirne 2007.
- Rudolf A. Mark : The peoples of the former Soviet Union. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1992, ISBN 3-531-12075-1 .
- Ronald Wixman: The peoples of the USSR. Macmillan, London 1984, ISBN 0-333-36981-5 .
- Heinz-Gerhard Zimpel: Lexicon of the world population. Geography - Culture - Society. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-933203-84-8 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ TaschenAtlas Völker und Sprachen , Klett-Perthes Verlag 2006, p. 80
- ^ Carl Skutsch: Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities . Routledge, 2013, ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1 ( google.com [accessed March 12, 2019]).
- ^ Paul Friedrich: Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China . GK Hall, 1991, ISBN 978-0-8161-1810-6 ( google.com [accessed March 12, 2019]).
- ↑ Klaus E. Müller: Shamanism. Healers, spirits, rituals. 4th edition, CH Beck, Munich 2010 (original edition 1997), ISBN 978-3-406-41872-3 . Pp. 30-33, 41.
- ↑ The small peoples of the far north and far east of Russia. Society for Threatened Peoples - South Tyrol, Bozen 1998.
Web links
- The Khakass. eki.ee