Tagar culture
| Prehistoric cultures of Russia | |
| Mesolithic | |
| Kunda culture | 7400-6000 BC Chr. |
| Neolithic | |
| Bug Dniester culture | 6500-5000 BC Chr. |
| Dnepr-Don culture | 5000-4000 BC Chr. |
| Sredny Stog culture | 4500-3500 BC Chr. |
| Ekaterininka culture | 4300-3700 BC Chr. |
| Fatyanovo culture | around 2500 BC Chr. |
| Copper Age | |
| North Caspian culture | |
| Spa culture | 5000-3000 BC Chr. |
| Samara culture | around 5000 BC Chr. |
| Chwalynsk culture | 5000-4500 BC Chr. |
| Botai culture | 3700-3100 BC Chr. |
| Yamnaya culture | 3600-2300 BC Chr. |
| Afanassjewo culture | 3500-2500 BC Chr. |
| Usatovo culture | 3300-3200 BC Chr. |
| Glaskovo culture | 3200-2400 BC Chr. |
| Bronze age | |
| Poltavka culture | 2700-2100 BC Chr. |
| Potapovka culture | 2500-2000 BC Chr. |
| Catacomb tomb culture | 2500-2000 BC Chr. |
| Abashevo culture | 2500-1800 BC Chr. |
| Sintashta culture | 2100-1800 BC Chr. |
| Okunew culture | around 2000 BC Chr. |
| Samus culture | around 2000 BC Chr. |
| Andronovo culture | 2000-1200 BC Chr. |
| Susgun culture | around 1700 BC Chr. |
| Srubna culture | 1600-1200 BC Chr. |
| Colchis culture | 1700-600 BC Chr. |
| Begasy Dandybai culture | around 1300 BC Chr. |
| Karassuk culture | around 1200 BC Chr. |
| Ust-mil culture | around 1200–500 BC Chr. |
| Koban culture | 1200-400 BC Chr. |
| Irmen culture | 1200-400 BC Chr. |
| Late corporate culture | around 1000 BC Chr. |
| Plate burial culture | around 1300–300 BC Chr. |
| Aldy Bel culture | 900-700 BC Chr. |
| Iron age | |
| Baitowo culture | |
| Tagar culture | 900-300 BC Chr. |
| Nosilowo group | 900-600 BC Chr. |
| Ananino culture | 800-300 BC Chr. |
| Tasmola culture | 700-300 BC Chr. |
| Gorokhovo culture | 600-200 BC Chr. |
| Sagly bashi culture | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Jessik Beschsatyr culture | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Pazyryk level | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Sargat culture | 500 BC Chr. – 400 AD |
| Kulaika culture | 400 BC Chr. – 400 AD |
| Tes level | 300 BC Chr. – 100 AD |
| Shurmak culture | 200 BC Chr. – 200 AD |
| Tashtyk culture | 100–600 AD |
| Chernyakhov culture | AD 200–500 |
The Tagar culture existed from around the 9th to the 3rd century BC on the central Yenisei , especially in the Minussinsk basin .
The culture was named after the island of Tagarskij ( ⊙ ) in the Yenisei , on which there is a large collection of Tagar-era burial mounds ( Kurgane ). Similar to the neighboring Aldy-Bel culture in Tuwa , most of the finds from the Tagar culture also come from such graves, whereas relatively little is known about the settlement system. In several places, especially in the northwest, only poorly researched, partially fortified settlements of the Tagar culture are known. In Khakassia , fortified high-altitude structures that have been in use since the Bronze Age have also been sought out, although it is unclear whether these were permanent settlements. The buildings were the pit houses ( Polusemljanki ) common in many Siberian cultures . The economy was based, as bone finds show, on cattle breeding, supplemented by hunting and fishing; There are no clear indications of arable farming. Due to the rich ore deposits, however, metallurgy was also carried out on a large scale , as evidenced by the remains of mining sites, slag heaps and workshops. Anthropologists interpret the skeletons as " europid ", a term that many colleagues reject because of the outdated racial theories . There are somatic similarities in particular to the northern Pontic Scythians . The Tagar culture is divided into three stages, which can be differentiated by grave building and found material.
Bainow stage
The Bainow stage of the Tagar culture is determined by radiocarbon dating into the 9th – 8th centuries . Century BC Referenced. There are clear relationships to the previous Bronze Age cultures. The tombs were small, square, fenced with stones stone boxes . The dead lay on their backs; the head pointed to the northeast or southwest. Pots with straight or strongly curved tops and a curved rim are typical for ceramics. The ornamentation is relatively diverse; for example, there are rows of humps, notches, grooves and fluting. The bronze objects of the Tagar culture, which have been known under the name "Minussinsk bronzes" since the 18th century, are particularly distinctive. Among these bronze objects are leash holders, knives and mirrors, which show connections to the West Siberian late corporate culture .
Podgornowo stage
In the following Podgornowo stage of the Tagar culture, the graves were increasingly covered with shallow embankments. Ceramic and bronze objects were further developed and showed more complex shapes that have relationships with the Aldy Bel culture in Tuva . During this time, the animal style became dominant in Tagar art . B. manifested in stylized bird's beaks and "rolling animals".
Saragasch stage
The last stage of the Tagar culture is known as the Saragasch stage and the 5th – 3rd Century BC Dated. The grave embankments and their stone surrounds grew larger and larger; In addition, high stones were set up in the corners, creating the characteristic "corner stone kurgan". For the first time, there were also major Kurgane, for example in Salbyk, Khakass . In contrast to earlier times, there are almost no individual graves, instead collective graves with up to 100 burials predominate. The ceramics became simpler again in the Saragasch stage as in Western Siberia, the metal objects, however, show the heyday of the "Minussinsk animal style", which now represents a large number of animals.
In the 3rd century BC The Saragasch stage was replaced by the Tes stage , which establishes the transition to the Tashtyk culture , which could indicate population continuity.
literature
- Hermann Parzinger : The early peoples of Eurasia. From the Neolithic to the Middle Ages (= Historical Library of the Gerda Henkel Foundation. ). Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54961-6 , p. 619 ff., Fig. 202–205.
- Наталия Л. Членова: Тагарская культура. In: Марина Г. Мошкова: Степная полоса азиатской части СССР в скифо-сарматское время (= Археология СССР. ). Наука, Москва 1992, ISBN 5-02-009916-3 .
- Эльга Б. Вадецкая: Археологические памятники в степях Среднего Енисея. Наука, Ленинград 1986.
Web links
- Report of the German Archaeological Institute on excavations in Suchanicha
- Report of the German Archaeological Institute on excavations in Barsutschi Log
Individual evidence
- ↑ The dates in the table are taken from the individual articles and do not always have to be reliable. Cultures in areas of other former Soviet republics were included.
- ↑ Article Tagar culture in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ^ Parzinger 2006