Shurmak culture
| Prehistoric cultures of Russia | |
| Mesolithic | |
| Kunda culture | 7400-6000 BC Chr. |
| Neolithic | |
| Bug Dniester culture | 6500-5000 BC Chr. |
| Dnepr-Don culture | 5000-4000 BC Chr. |
| Sredny Stog culture | 4500-3500 BC Chr. |
| Ekaterininka culture | 4300-3700 BC Chr. |
| Fatyanovo culture | around 2500 BC Chr. |
| Copper Age | |
| North Caspian culture | |
| Spa culture | 5000-3000 BC Chr. |
| Samara culture | around 5000 BC Chr. |
| Chwalynsk culture | 5000-4500 BC Chr. |
| Botai culture | 3700-3100 BC Chr. |
| Yamnaya culture | 3600-2300 BC Chr. |
| Afanassjewo culture | 3500-2500 BC Chr. |
| Usatovo culture | 3300-3200 BC Chr. |
| Glaskovo culture | 3200-2400 BC Chr. |
| Bronze age | |
| Poltavka culture | 2700-2100 BC Chr. |
| Potapovka culture | 2500-2000 BC Chr. |
| Catacomb tomb culture | 2500-2000 BC Chr. |
| Abashevo culture | 2500-1800 BC Chr. |
| Sintashta culture | 2100-1800 BC Chr. |
| Okunew culture | around 2000 BC Chr. |
| Samus culture | around 2000 BC Chr. |
| Andronovo culture | 2000-1200 BC Chr. |
| Susgun culture | around 1700 BC Chr. |
| Srubna culture | 1600-1200 BC Chr. |
| Colchis culture | 1700-600 BC Chr. |
| Begasy Dandybai culture | around 1300 BC Chr. |
| Karassuk culture | around 1200 BC Chr. |
| Ust-mil culture | around 1200–500 BC Chr. |
| Koban culture | 1200-400 BC Chr. |
| Irmen culture | 1200-400 BC Chr. |
| Late corporate culture | around 1000 BC Chr. |
| Plate burial culture | around 1300–300 BC Chr. |
| Aldy Bel culture | 900-700 BC Chr. |
| Iron age | |
| Baitowo culture | |
| Tagar culture | 900-300 BC Chr. |
| Nosilowo group | 900-600 BC Chr. |
| Ananino culture | 800-300 BC Chr. |
| Tasmola culture | 700-300 BC Chr. |
| Gorokhovo culture | 600-200 BC Chr. |
| Sagly bashi culture | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Jessik Beschsatyr culture | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Pazyryk level | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Sargat culture | 500 BC Chr. – 400 AD |
| Kulaika culture | 400 BC Chr. – 400 AD |
| Tes level | 300 BC Chr. – 100 AD |
| Shurmak culture | 200 BC Chr. – 200 AD |
| Tashtyk culture | 100–600 AD |
| Chernyakhov culture | AD 200–500 |
The Shurmak culture had been around since the 2nd century BC. In Tuwa in southern Siberia and is assigned to the Hunnic epoch. Its predecessor culture was the Scythian Sagly-Baschi culture . Kenk 1984 dates the end of the Schurmak culture to the 2nd century AD, Mandelschtam-Stambulnik 1992 and Parzinger 2006, however, to the 4th or 5th century. The most important site of the Shurmak culture is the Kokel necropolis, which was extensively investigated by Russian archaeologists from 1959 to 1966.
In the early days the pottery showed clear connections to the Tes stage and the early Tashtyk culture in the Minussinsk basin . There are clay imitations of bronze kettles, pots with rounded walls and short, conical hollow feet and vase-like vessels with a wide base and narrow cylinder neck. In later find complexes, funnel-edged pots with attached moldings on the shoulder and belly dominate. Small finds include vessels made of wood or birch bark, remains of textile, arrowheads, remains of bows, belt buckles and belt plates. The ornaments with motifs of the Scythian animal style , which were still to be found in the early days, disappeared in the later stage of the Shurmak culture. Wooden replicas of daggers served as grave goods. The dead were buried in sunken wooden coffins under stone Kurgan . In the early days, the corpses were lying on their left crouching positions, later they were lying on their backs. Men in particular were given weapons, while women were given wooden vessels and mirrors.
Bone finds from graves show that the bearers of the Shurmak culture raised cattle, especially sheep, and, to a lesser extent, hunted deer, wild goats and elk. Millet residues can indicate agriculture.
In the middle of the 6th century Tuva became part of the Empire of the Gök Turks ; the material culture now shows close relationships with somewhat older cultures in the Altai . The transition from the Shurmak culture to the old Turkish period has not yet been fully clarified.
literature
- Roman Kenk: The burial ground of the Hunno-Sarmatian period of Kokel ', Tuva, South Siberia. Materials on general and comparative archeology 25. Munich, Beck 1984.
- AM Mandelschtam, ET Stambulnik: Gunno-sarmatski period na territorii Tuwy. In: MG Moschkowa (ed.): Stepnaja polosa Asiatskoi tschasti SSSR w skifo-sarmatskoje wremja. Archeologija SSSR. Moscow 1992, p. 196 ff.
- Hermann Parzinger : The early peoples of Eurasia. From the Neolithic to the Middle Ages. Historical library of the Gerda Henkel Foundation, Volume 1. Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-406-54961-8 (p. 745 ff.)
Individual evidence
- ↑ The dates in the table are taken from the individual articles and do not always have to be reliable. Cultures in areas of other former Soviet republics were included.