Karassuk culture
| Prehistoric cultures of Russia | |
| Mesolithic | |
| Kunda culture | 7400-6000 BC Chr. |
| Neolithic | |
| Bug Dniester culture | 6500-5000 BC Chr. |
| Dnepr-Don culture | 5000-4000 BC Chr. |
| Sredny Stog culture | 4500-3500 BC Chr. |
| Ekaterininka culture | 4300-3700 BC Chr. |
| Fatyanovo culture | around 2500 BC Chr. |
| Copper Age | |
| North Caspian culture | |
| Spa culture | 5000-3000 BC Chr. |
| Samara culture | around 5000 BC Chr. |
| Chwalynsk culture | 5000-4500 BC Chr. |
| Botai culture | 3700-3100 BC Chr. |
| Yamnaya culture | 3600-2300 BC Chr. |
| Afanassjewo culture | 3500-2500 BC Chr. |
| Usatovo culture | 3300-3200 BC Chr. |
| Glaskovo culture | 3200-2400 BC Chr. |
| Bronze age | |
| Poltavka culture | 2700-2100 BC Chr. |
| Potapovka culture | 2500-2000 BC Chr. |
| Catacomb tomb culture | 2500-2000 BC Chr. |
| Abashevo culture | 2500-1800 BC Chr. |
| Sintashta culture | 2100-1800 BC Chr. |
| Okunew culture | around 2000 BC Chr. |
| Samus culture | around 2000 BC Chr. |
| Andronovo culture | 2000-1200 BC Chr. |
| Susgun culture | around 1700 BC Chr. |
| Srubna culture | 1600-1200 BC Chr. |
| Colchis culture | 1700-600 BC Chr. |
| Begasy Dandybai culture | around 1300 BC Chr. |
| Karassuk culture | around 1200 BC Chr. |
| Ust-mil culture | around 1200–500 BC Chr. |
| Koban culture | 1200-400 BC Chr. |
| Irmen culture | 1200-400 BC Chr. |
| Late corporate culture | around 1000 BC Chr. |
| Plate burial culture | around 1300–300 BC Chr. |
| Aldy Bel culture | 900-700 BC Chr. |
| Iron age | |
| Baitowo culture | |
| Tagar culture | 900-300 BC Chr. |
| Nosilowo group | 900-600 BC Chr. |
| Ananino culture | 800-300 BC Chr. |
| Tasmola culture | 700-300 BC Chr. |
| Gorokhovo culture | 600-200 BC Chr. |
| Sagly bashi culture | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Jessik Beschsatyr culture | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Pazyryk level | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Sargat culture | 500 BC Chr. – 400 AD |
| Kulaika culture | 400 BC Chr. – 400 AD |
| Tes level | 300 BC Chr. – 100 AD |
| Shurmak culture | 200 BC Chr. – 200 AD |
| Tashtyk culture | 100–600 AD |
| Chernyakhov culture | AD 200–500 |
The Karassuk culture (also Karasuk culture , Russian Карасукская культура , after the Karassuk [ ⊙ ], a left tributary of the Yenisei ) was around the end of the second millennium BC on the central Yenisei, in the vicinity of Minusinsk and in Khakassia in southern Siberia spread. In a wider sense, simultaneous finds from the area between the Yenisei and the Aral Sea are also grouped under this name. The Karassuk culture is associated with the Burushaski by some historians , while others associate it with the proto- Iranian peoples .
Geographical location
The Karassuk culture replaced the local form of the Andronowo culture , from which it differs significantly, especially in the metalware , which was shaped by influences from Mongolia and northern China . The type of knives is related to those from Anyang in China.
Culture
The pottery is more in the tradition of the Andronowo culture. It is currently unclear how some of the sites also from the late Bronze Age were incorporated , which may have formed a synchronous, independent culture. The characteristic ceramic shows references to Western Siberian cultures such as the Irmen culture and consists of bowl-shaped to pot-shaped vessels with rounded walls and a stepped funnel rim. They are decorated with horizontal grooves, circumferential rows of imprints and complex incised patterns reminiscent of the Andronowo culture.
The settlements of the Karassuk culture usually comprise less than ten pit houses, which were arranged around a central square in Torgaschak in southwestern Khakassia . It cannot be ruled out that some of the settlements were only used seasonally. The economy was probably dominated by livestock ; this is shown by animal bone finds from settlements. Findings from settlements also show that bronze and copper metallurgy was also practiced.
Most of the sites are necropolises . The graves consisted of up to three stone boxes each , which were covered with wooden planks and stone slabs and surrounded by an angular stone enclosure. In some cases, shallow kurgan were piled up over the graves . The dead were buried in a crouched position; the head pointed to the northwest. It should be mentioned that the late corporate culture lay in this direction , which could perhaps be an indication of their origin. One or two vessels, bronze products and bone combs made up the grave goods. As in the previous period, the grave goods do not reveal any social differences.
Chinese influences
As mentioned, the knives are related in type to those from Anyang in China. According to the Chinese Chronicle, the Shang dynasty ruling in Anyang was plagued by incursions by nomads from the north and west, who presumably followed the traders of the Silk Road and invaded China. The culture shows a striking number of arms bearers. Their last ruler, Dì Xīn , is portrayed as particularly cruel. He was born in 1122 BC. Overthrown by the Zhou Duke or his son. He burned his palace in Yinxu himself and died of suicide. Theoretically, parts of his retinue could have fled west to the Silk Road from the troops advancing from the east, which was also an attractive attraction for trade and change for the nomads on the Altai. The fall of this deified dynasty fits in well with the Chinese influences in the Karassuk culture and possibly brought about the gradual change from an Andronovo group to a culturally formative Proto-Turk culture that still maintained old traditions, but also made advances in metallurgy . However, anthropological studies do not show any immigrants.
The Karassuk culture was followed by the Tagar culture , the bearers of which continued to use the Karassuk culture necropolis, which could indicate population continuity. The Tagar culture was extensively mining and metallurgy.
genetics
A genome study from 2009 showed that the Karassuk population at the time (four people analyzed) was closely related to the population of the Andronowo culture and other Indo-European peoples .
literature
- Hermann Parzinger : The early peoples of Eurasia. From the Neolithic to the Middle Ages (= Historical Library of the Gerda Henkel Foundation , Vol. 1). Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54961-6 , p. 463 ff.
- Эльга Б. Вадецкая: Археологические памятники в степях Среднего Енисея. Наука, Ленинград 1986.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ The dates in the table are taken from the individual articles and do not always have to be reliable. Cultures in areas of other former Soviet republics were included.
- ↑ George van Driem (2007). "Endangered Languages of South Asia". In Brenzinger, Matthias (ed.). Language Diversity Endangered . Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 304.
- ↑ Mallory, JP (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture . Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-1884964985.
- ↑ Christine Keyser, Caroline Bouakaze, Eric Crubézy, Valery G. Nikolaev, Daniel Montagnon: Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people . In: Human Genetics . tape 126 , no. 3 , September 1, 2009, ISSN 1432-1203 , p. 395-410 , doi : 10.1007 / s00439-009-0683-0 .