Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup of the Y chromosome
Surname	N
Possible time of origin	15,000 to 44,700 years ago
predecessor	NO
Mutations	M231
carrier	Mongols , Turkic peoples , Urals peoples
Highest frequencies	Yakuts 75%, Nenets 75%, Tuvins 50%, Tiele 50%, Tatars 45%, Kazakhs 30–50%, Altaians 40%, Sami 40%, Han Chinese 25%, Finns 20–60%, Buryats 0–40 %, Baltic 0–35%, German East Prussia 0–28%, Russians 0–20%

In human genetics, haplogroup N is a haplogroup of the Y chromosome . The omission of the marker b2 / b3 in the AZFc region of the human Y chromosome is a peculiarity of haplogroup N. However, this omission appears to have occurred independently on four different occasions. Consequently, this omission should not be interpreted as the only event within the development of this haplogroup that helps differentiate this branch of the haplogroup family tree.

Today's distribution of the haplogroup N

Haplogroup N is associated with the Urals as well as with the Turkic peoples , but also occurs in large numbers in Mongols and other Siberian peoples.

origin

Haplogroup N arises from the starting group NO. This was probably formed in China around 15–20,000 years ago, during the Ice Age. N then spread north and west across the Eurasian landmass. Yunusbayev et al. (2019) assume that the carriers could have been members of the Ural and / or Turkic languages .

A characteristic of the haplogroup N is the b1 / b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the Y chromosome. Apparently, however, this deletion arose four times independently of one another. For this reason, the deletion should not be viewed as a unique polymorphism event that can be used to define this section of the Y chromosome family tree.

The subgroup N1c1 * was probably formed during the late Pleistocene (about 10,000 years ago) in southern Siberia. From there, it spread to Europe 8,000-10,000 years ago. N1c1 * has a higher concentration in Eastern Europe than in Siberia and reaches frequencies of up to 60 percent in Finland and 40 percent in Latvia and Lithuania.

Subgroups

The subgroups of haplogroup N with their distinguishing mutation, according to the 2008 YCC family tree:

• N (M231)
  • N *
  • N1 (LLY22g)
    • N1 *, found in significant numbers among the speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages ; also found in small numbers among Altaians, Japanese , Koreans , Manchu , Manchurian Evenks , Xibe , Uyghurs and Vietnamese
    • N1a (M128), found in low numbers in Manchu , Xibe , Manschurischen Evenki , Koreans , northern Han Chinese , Buyei and some Turkic peoples in Central Asia
    • N1b (P43): typical of Samoyed peoples ; also found in low to medium concentrations in Uralis, Turkic peoples , Mongols , Tungus peoples , and Siberian Eskimos
      • N1b *
      • N1b1 (P63)
    • N1c (Tat (M46), P105): typical of the Yakuts and Uralians, with a medium distribution outside of northern Eurasia
      • N1c *
      • N1c1 (M178)
        • N1c1 *
        • N1c1a (P21)
        • N1c1b (P67)
        • N1c1c (P119)
        • N1c1d (L708): typical of Sami and Europeans

Today's distribution

Today the haplogroup N can be found throughout northern Eurasia. Possible important starting regions are northern China and today's Mongolia. Migrations to Siberia and ultimately to the Baltic States could have taken place from these regions in deep prehistoric times. The dominant N1c branch (old name: N3) is widespread in Siberia and northeastern Europe. Even among the most westerly populations of N1c, the highest concentration is found in Finns, Latvians and Lithuanians. The old Prussian population of East Prussia could also have had a high proportion of N1c. The N1b branch, most of which is found within the area of ​​N1c, shows two main clusters: one in the Ural-Volga region and a second further east. The less common N1a branch is widespread in Asia, with small concentrations in Kazakhstan, Korea, and China. Members of the undifferentiated N * group are widespread, with low concentrations in Cambodia and southern China. Very low concentrations of haplogroup N were also found in the rest of Eastern Europe and Anatolia.

See also

• Spread of man
• Adam of the Y chromosome

Web links

• Spread of Haplogroup N , from The Genographic Project , National Geographic
• N Y-DNA Haplogroup Project at FamilyTreeDNA
• Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe (PDF; 567 kB)

Evolution tree haplogroups Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)
	Adam of the Y chromosome
		A00		A0'1'2'3'4
			A0	A1'2'3'4
				A1	A2'3'4
					A2'3	A4 = BCDEF
				A2	A3		B.		CT
												|
							DE				CF
				D.		E.				C.		F.
								|
									G								IJK		H
									|									|
							G1	G2								IJ	K
																|						|
													I.		J						L.			K (xLT)		T
													|				|							|
											I1			I2			J1		J2				M.	NO		P		S.
																								|			|
													|														|
											N		O													Q	R.
																												|
																										R1		R2
																										|
																								R1a			R1b

Individual evidence

1. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.186684.114
2. ↑ ISOGG "Y-DNA Haplogroup N and its Subclades - 2007"
3. ↑ Helen Post, Endre Németh, László Klima, Rodrigo Flores, Tibor Fehér: Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia . In: Scientific Reports . tape 9 , no. 1 , May 24, 2019, ISSN  2045-2322 , p. 1–10 , doi : 10.1038 / s41598-019-44272-6 ( nature.com [accessed October 19, 2019]).
4. ↑ Bayazit Yunusbayev, Mait Metspalu, Ene Metspalu, Albert Valeev, Sergei Litvinov: The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia . In: PLOS Genetics . tape 11 , no. 4 , April 21, 2015, ISSN  1553-7404 , p. e1005068 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pgen.1005068 , PMID 25898006 , PMC 4405460 (free full text) - ( plos.org [accessed October 19, 2019]).
5. ↑ [1]
6. ↑ [2]
7. ↑ [3]