Haplogroup I1
The haplogroup I1 , also I-M253 (L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121 / S62, L123, L124 / S64, L125 / S65, L157, L186, L187, M253, M307.2 / P203.2, M450 / S109, P30, P40, S63, S66, S107, S108, S110, S111) is a haplogroup of the Y chromosome in human genetics and, with its mutations (SNPs) , is most common in Scandinavia . I1 is a subgroup of haplogroup I that only exists in Europe.
Before being reclassified in 2008, it was named I1a.
Group I1 occurs most frequently in the west of Finland (up to 40%), in southern Norway (35%) and followed by Sweden (particularly on the island of Gotland ) and in Denmark and northern Germany.
In his book Blood of Isles , the professor and author Bryan Sykes gave the ancestor of haplogroup I1 the name Wodan , as he did in his first book The Seven Daughters of Eve with the Great Mothers of European Mitochondrial Haplogroups.
Origins
For several years, the prevailing opinion was that the predecessors of Group I1 sought refuge in the Balkans during the last Ice Age . The age of the haplogroup is estimated to be 15,000 to 20,000 years.
The National Geographic Society 's ' The Genographic Project ' believes that the founders of the I1 group lived on the Iberian Peninsula during the last Ice Age. Some researchers have also cited southern France and the Italian peninsula as possible retreat points.
FamilyTree DNA, on the other hand, indicates that the haplogroup is much younger (4000 to 5000 years).
Prof. Dr. Kenneth Nordtvedt from Montana State University , based on his research results, is also of the opinion that haplogroup I1 is an earlier subgroup and probably only existed after the last Ice Age. Also after Nordtvedt, the last common ancestor ( MRCA ) lived from I1 4,000 to 6,000 years ago, probably in north-central Europe in the greater area of the lower Elbe basin.
According to a study from 2010, I1 (I-M253) was created in Chalcolithic Europe between 3,170 and 5,000 years ago.
A more recent study from 2015 estimated the origin of I1 (I-M253) to be between 3,470 and 5,070 years or between 3,180 and 3,760 years ago, based on two different investigation methods.
According to the latest status (Sept. 2019) I1 (I-M253) according to Y-Full was created 27,500 years ago (95 CI: 29,800 - 25,200 years ago) with a TMRCA before 4,600 vh (95 CI: 5,200 - 4,000 Years vh).
A study in Hungary in 2014 discovered the remains of two members of the Eastern Linear Pottery Culture , one of whom wore the SNP M253, which defines haplogroup I1. The Eastern Linear Pottery Culture dates between approx. 5,500 BC. BC and 4,900 BC Chr.
The descendants are predominantly to be found among the Germanic population in Northern Europe and the neighboring Uralic population, although these are overshadowed by the widespread haplogroup R in the traditional Germanic countries as well. Peter A. Underhill of Stanford University's Human Population Genetics Laboratory and other scientists support this hypothesis.
The DYS462 marker indicates a geographic difference. According to Nordtvedt's study, 12 allele repetitions point more towards Anglo-Saxon origin, while 13 alleles point more towards Nordic origin.
If 8 allele repetitions for the marker DYS455 are found in the STR test, haplogroup I1 can be accurately predicted (probability 99.3 to 99.8 percent according to Whit Athey and Vince Vinzachero). The SNP do not have to be tested for this. This is practically omnipresent with haplogroup I1.
Famous representatives of the haplogroup I1
Alexander Hamilton , politician and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Determined from the Y-DNA of Hamilton's descendants.
Birger Jarl (Birger Magnusson von Bjälbo), Jarl of Sweden and founder of Stockholm. His burial place was opened in 2002, his bones were exhumed and his DNA was determined using pyrosequencing.
The descendant of the writer Leo Tolstoy , Pyotr Tolstoy, was also able to test I1-positive.
Håkon Wium Lie , ( CTO ) at Opera Software and known for suggesting the introduction of Cascading Style Sheets .
Individual evidence
- ↑ New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree Tatiana M. Karafet et al. (2008)
- ^ Clade I Information from rootsweb Research Paper Tatiana M. Karafet et al. (2008)
- ↑ Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region , Annals of Human Genetics, The Authors Journal compilation (2008) doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x
- ↑ yDNA Haplogroup I: subclade I1 FTDNA information
- ↑ Pedro Soares, Alessandro Achilli, Ornella Semino, William Davies, Vincent Macaulay, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Antonio Torroni, and Martin B. Richards, The Archaeogenetics of Europe, Current Biology , vol. 20 (February 23, 2010), R174-R183. yDNA Haplogroup I: Subclade I1 , Family Tree DNA,
- ↑ TMRCAs of major haplogroups in Europe estimated using two methods. Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing: Nature Communications: Nature Publishing Group . Retrieved May 19, 2015.
- ↑ I1 ( English ) yfull.com. October 21, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
- ↑ Allele Frequency of I1a ( Memento of the original from February 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 8 kB) Vizachero, Allele Frequency Among I1a Samples (2006)
- ↑ HAMILTON SURNAME DNA RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hamilton Surname Project (start 2002)
- ↑ Finding the founder of Stockholm - A kinship study based on Y-chromosomal, autosomal and mitochondrial DNA Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger / Helena Malmström et al. (2011)
- ↑ Famous People with Haplogroup I1 Eupedia.com Haplogroup I1
- ↑ Håkon. (No longer available online.) Opera.com, archived from the original on September 6, 2008 ; Retrieved October 12, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
| Evolution tree haplogroups Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Adam of the Y chromosome | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A00 | A0'1'2'3'4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A0 | A1'2'3'4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1 | A2'3'4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2'3 | A4 = BCDEF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2 | A3 | B. | CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| DE | CF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D. | E. | C. | F. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| G | IJK | H | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| G1 | G2 | IJ | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I. | J | L. | K (xLT) | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| I1 | I2 | J1 | J2 | M. | NO | P | S. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| N | O | Q | R. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| R1 | R2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| R1a | R1b | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||