Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup of the Y chromosome
Surname E.
Possible time of origin 50,000 - 55,000 years ago
Possible place of origin Asia or possibly East Africa
predecessor DE
successor E1 (P147), E2 (M75)
Mutations L339, L614, M40 / SRY4064 / SRY8299, M96, P29, P150, P152, P154, P155, P156, P162, P168, P169, P170, P171, P172, P173, P174, P175, P176
Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)
E1b1b1 origins map

Haplogroup E is a haplogroup of the Y chromosome in human genetics .

This haplogroup is divided into two subgroups: E1 (or E-P147), differentiated by the SNP mutation P147, and E2 (or E-M75), differentiated by M75.

E1b1b: The most common Y haplogroup among North African Berbers

E1 is divided into further subgroups:

  • E1a ( formerly E1 ), differentiated by M33 and M132. There are two further subgroups:
  • E1a1 (or E-M44, formerly E1a)
  • E1a2 (or E-P110)
  • E1b, distinguished by P177. It contains two particularly large subgroups:
  • E1b1 ( formerly E3 also known as E-M215). E1b1 is further divided into subgroups
  • Haplogroup E1b1a ( formerly E3a )
  • Haplogroup E1b1b ( formerly E3b )
  • E1b2 ( formerly E4 )

E2 is hardly found, but still has two subgroups:

  • E2a M41 / P210
  • E2b M54, M90, M98. This strain contains E2b1 (E-M85), formerly known as E2b2, and its subgroups.

E1 and E2 are found almost exclusively in Africa, only E1b1b occurs in significant numbers in Europe and Western Asia. Most sub-Saharan Africans belong to haplogroup E, while Europeans belong more to its subgroup E1b1b.

Haplogroup E appears to have originated in West Asia or Northeast Africa, based on the density and diversity of today's population in this area. In fact, haplogroup E is related to D, which, however, is not widespread in Africa and thus leaves open whether E was not created in Central Asia or West Asia and returned to Africa through repopulation . Indeed, Stephen Oppenheimer believes that the first people in the area of ​​influence of the Red Sea between Ethiopia and Yemen successfully left Africa for the first time. This would mean that the haplogroup DE reached Yemen, while D emigrated to Southeast Asia and E settled in Arabia and later started (almost exclusively) male migration to Africa.

Subgroups

Branches of haplogroup E include E1a, E2, E1b1a (M2), and E1b1b (M35).

E1a : E1a (M33) originated in West Africa , and today this haplogroup exists in the area around Mali . In one study, Y chromosomes of the haplogroup E1a-M33 were found in a sample of 34% (15/44) of Malinese men. Haplogroup E1a is also found in samples from Moroccan Berbers , Sahrawis, Burkina Faso , North Cameroon , Senegal , Sudan , Egypt, and Calabria (including the Italian and Albanian residents of the region). The low density of E1a in North Africa and Europe (less than 4%) is generally attributed to the slave trade as it is characteristic of West African populations.

Map of the distribution of the Haplogrupo E1b1b (E3b) in Africa.
Distribution of E1b1b-V32 according to Cruciani et al. 2007 .
Distribution of E1b1b-V13 according to Cruciani et al. 2007 .

E1b1 is a branch of E1b and is the most common subgroup of E. It branches into two main haplogroups: E1b1b (M35) about 24-27,000 years ago (Cruciani et al. 2004), followed by E1b1a (M2) a good 10,000 years later. The subgroups are ...

E1b1a is almost exclusively associated with West, Central, South and Southeast Africa. It is the most common Y haplogroup in sub-Saharan Africa , as well as among African Americans and West Indians. It has been sparsely observed outside of Africa and its distribution is generally attributed to the slave trade.

E1b1b is the most common Y haplogroup among Ethiopians , Somalis , residents of Eritrea, and among North African Berbers and Arabs . It is the third most common haplogroup in Europe. It is also found in high density in the Middle East , from where it spread to the Balkans and the rest of Europe . E1b1b has three different subgroups: M78, M81 and M34.

E1b1b1a (E-M78): M78 is found throughout North Africa and the Horn of Africa , as well as in the Middle East and Europe . The distribution network is structured geographically. The α-cluster is assigned to Europe, where it occurs most frequently in the Balkans . It has a density of 23.8% among Greeks and about 47% in the Peloponnese region in Greece , a density of about 25% among Albanians , 46% among Kosovar Albanians, and a density of about 20% in some South Slavic populations ( Serbs , Macedonians , Bulgarians ). Among Jews , E1b1b is the second most common Y-haplogroup after haplogroup J (Y-DNA) in both Europe and the Middle East . β and γ clusters are assigned to North and Northeast Africa. The fourth δ cluster is found in all regions, but at low density. Cruciani suggests that it was the δ cluster that spread the M78 mutation in north and northeast Africa, the Middle East and later in Europe, c. 14 KYA. It was only later population expansions of the α, β and γ clusters (which differ significantly from the δ cluster) that led to the proliferation of E1b1b.

In Northeast Africa it appears that the M34 subgroup is limited to Ethiopia only. However, the M34 chromosomes have been found in a vast majority of the Middle Eastern populations. Chromosomes M34 from Ethiopia show fewer deviations from one another than those from the Middle East and are more closely related in the M34 distribution network. It is believed that M34 chromosomes were introduced into Ethiopia from the Middle East.

E1b1b1b (E-M81) : M81, the main subgroup of E1b1b, is particularly concentrated in North Africa on the Berber and Arab populations of this region. M81 is also found in the Iberian Peninsula , although at a low density of 1.6 to 4% . Cruciani attributes his presence in Spain to a modern migration of the M81-bearing peoples of the Maghreb . Perhaps it coincides with the Islamic conquest of Spain.

Distribution of the haplotype E-M81 in specific areas of Africa, Asia and Europe

Scholars such as Hammer et al. and Semino et al. have attributed the spread of E1b1b in Europe to an ancient migration from East Africa by North African and Middle Eastern farmers during the Neolithic. Cruciani pointed out that the predominance of the α-cluster of the subgroup M78 in Europe was spread by peoples residing in south-eastern Europe, possibly in response to the arrival of Neolithic agriculture through cultural contacts with the Middle East. In Europe, it may have arrived directly from North or Northeast Africa. Its spread is not due to a uniform process of migration from a single Middle Eastern society, but rather to a series of different migrations.

E2 (M75) is present among sub-Saharan Africans in west and east Africa . The highest concentration of haplogroup E2 has been found among South Africans , Kenyans and Bantu . An average concentration of these haplogroup was in samples in Burkina Faso to Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda , on Fon from Benin , Iraqw from Tanzania , under unidentified South African Khoisan , the Sudan , North Cameroon and Senegal found, as well as in low density in Qatar , Oman and Ethiopia in the n- Oromo samples.

The low presence of haplogroup E2 among residents of Oman and Qatar (<5%) as well as Oromo (<2%) can be attributed to the slave trade and Bantu expansion that are characteristic of western, central, southern and southeastern African populations .

See also

Web pages

Remarks

  1. ↑ Iraqw: by Luis et al. (2004) called "Wairak" and mistaken for Bantu

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ J. Chiaroni, PA Underhill, LL Cavalli-Sforza (2009).
  2. ↑ Fulvio Cruciani et al: Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E1b1b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa. In: Am. J. Hum. Genet. Volume 74, May 2004, pp. 1014-1022.
  3. ↑ Jacques Chiaroni, Peter A. Underhill, Luca L. Cavalli-Sforza: Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . tape 106 , no. 48 , December 1, 2009, ISSN  0027-8424 , p. 20174–20179 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0910803106 , PMID 19920170 , PMC 2787129 (free full text).
  4. ^ Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades. 2008.
  5. ↑ Stephen Oppenheimer
  6. ↑ a b c Ornella Semino, Chiara Magri, Giorgia Benuzzi, Alice A. Lin, Nadia Al-Zahery, Vincenza Battaglia, Liliana Maccioni, Costas Triantaphyllidis, Peidong Shen, Peter J. Oefner, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Roy King, Antonio Torroni , L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Peter A. Underhill, A. Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti: Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area. In: American Journal of Human Genetics. 74, 2004, pp. 1023-1034.
  7. ↑ a b c J. R. Luis, DJ Rowohltd, M. Regueiro, B. Caeiro, C. Cinnioğlu, C. Roseman, PA Underhill, LL Cavalli-Sforza, RJ Herrera: The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations. In: American Journal of Human Genetics. 74, 2004, pp. 532-544.
  8. ↑ Cruciani et al .: Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern / Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12. In: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24, 2007, pp. 1300-1311, doi: 10.1093 / molbev / msm049 .
  9. ^ The Britton Surname Project at DNA Heritage ( Memento from December 19, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ↑ Semino et al: Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area. 2004.
  11. ↑ Peričic et al: High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations. 2005.
  12. ↑ Jewish E1b1b (E3b) Project at FTDNA
  13. ^ Cruciani, 2004.
  14. ↑ Sanchez et al: High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males. In: European Journal of Human Genetics . 13, 2005, pp. 856-866.


Evolution tree haplogroups Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)
Adam of the Y chromosome
A00 A0'1'2'3'4
A0 A1'2'3'4
A1 A2'3'4
A2'3 A4 = BCDEF
A2 A3 B. CT 
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DE CF
D. E. C. F.
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G IJK H  
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G1 G2  IJ K 
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I. J L. K (xLT) T
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I1 I2 J1 J2 M. NO P S.
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N O Q R.
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R1 R2
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R1a R1b