Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup of the Y chromosome
Surname D.
Possible time of origin 63,000 - 81,000 years ago
Possible place of origin Africa or Central Asia
predecessor DE
successor D1a1, D1a2, D1a3, D1b, D2
Mutations CT3946, CTS4030 / Z1605
carrier Tibetans , Altai , Ainu , Japanese

In human genetics, haplogroup D is a haplogroup of the Y chromosome . Both C and D contain the mutation M 168, which is common to all other haplogroups except A and B.

origin

It is believed that the haplogroup originated in Africa or Central Asia at least 63,000 - 81,000 years ago . While haplogroup D and haplogroup E share the unmistakable YAP mutation , a mutation that only occurs in E and D, the chromosomes of haplogroup D are not found anywhere else than in Asia .

It is believed that C and D stand for a major migration within Asia. Haplogroup D is found in large numbers today in populations in northern Tibet , parts of Central Asia and Siberia, the Japanese archipelago, and parts of the Andaman Islands . The Ainu from Japan are known for having almost exclusively D-chromosomes, although haplogroup C2 occurs in 15% of the Ainu. A mutant form of D is also found at low to moderate levels in the Jarawa and Onge populations of South Asia. Han Chinese , Miao-yao in China, and some minorities in Sichuan and Yunnan who speak Tibetan Burmese languages are some peoples in which the D chromosome also occurs. Unlike haplogroup C, D did not make it to the New World in America.

Subgroups

ISOGG (version: 14.151).

swell

  1. ↑ a b c d Chris Tyler-Smith, Yali Xue, Mark G. Thomas, Huanming Yang, Elena Arciero, Asan, Bruce A. Connell, Abigail L. Jones, Marc Haber: A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans out of Africa . In: Genetics . June 13, 2019, ISSN  0016-6731 , S. genetics. 302368.2019 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics.119.302368 . PMID 31196864 .
  2. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1101%2F233502
  3. ↑ Vicente M. Cabrera, Patricia Marrero, Khaled K. Abu-Amero, Jose M. Larruga: Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basic lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago . In: bioRxiv . December 13, 2017, p. 233502 , doi : 10.1101 / 233502 ( biorxiv.org [accessed August 22, 2020]).
  4. ↑ Karafet et al .: Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. In: Genome Research, 2008, doi: 10.1101 / gr.7172008 .
  5. ↑ 崎 谷 満 (2009) 『DNA ・ 考古 ・ 言語 の 学 際 研究 が 示 す 新 ・ 日本 列島 史 日本人 集 団 ・ 日本語 の 成立 史』 勉 誠 出版
  6. ^ Y-DNA D Haplogroup Project
  7. ↑ Y-DNA Haplogroup D and its Subclades - 2019
  8. ↑ a b c M. F. Hammer, TM Karafet, H. Park et al. (2006). Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. In: J. Hum. Genet. Volume 51, 2006, No. 1, pp. 47-58. doi: 10.1007 / s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082 .
  9. ↑ Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Lalji Singh, Alla G. Reddy, V. Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, Erika Hagelberg （2003） ； Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population ； Current Biology Volume 13, Issue 2, 21 January 2003, Pages 86–93 doi: 10.1016 / S0960-9822 (02) 01336-2
  10. ↑ D ytree . In: www.yfull.com . Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  11. ↑ Y-DNA Haplogroup D and its Subclades - 2014
  12. ↑ Roberta Estes: Exciting New Y DNA Haplogroup D Discoveries! ( en-US ) June 21, 2019.

Web links

Evolution tree haplogroups Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)
Adam of the Y chromosome
A00 A0'1'2'3'4
A0 A1'2'3'4
A1 A2'3'4
A2'3 A4 = BCDEF
A2 A3 B. CT 
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DE CF
D. E. C. F.
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G IJK H  
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G1 G2  IJ K 
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I. J L. K (xLT) T
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I1 I2 J1 J2 M. NO P S.
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N O Q R.
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R1 R2
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R1a R1b