Klaegerscher cattle market
The Klaegersche Viehmarkt (sometimes also called Neuer Viehmarkt or Viehmarkt am Landsberger Thor ) practically held the monopoly on organizing the cattle trade in Berlin from 1826 to 1871 and was located on Landsberger Strasse 86, in front of Landsberger Tor within the Berlin customs and excise wall (today United Nations Square ). The central position could be traced back to the stilt jug on Ochsenplatz (today Alexanderplatz ) until 1681. In 1871, the monopoly was ended on the occasion of commercial efforts by third parties, a rinderpest incident and, above all, the efforts of the Berlin City Council to nationalize the cattle trade and slaughter.
history
Fattening ban in Berlin in 1681
Since 1591 there was already an electoral butchers order in Berlin and Cölln an der Spree. B. Slaughter allowed only in urban slaughterhouses . Otherwise pigs, cattle and other animals were also kept within the city walls of Berlin. In 1593, slaughtering and trading were reopened as too little food came into the royal seat. Elector Friedrich Wilhelm the Great had just had the streets paved around 1660 when he issued a street order that the citizens of the time clearing away z. B. the dunghill imposed. This was not sufficiently followed, so that in 1680 the elector ordered a street foreman who drove daily with two carts to the houses where something had to be cleared away, and who for a few groschen and the like. a. loaded the crap and drove away. The street manager threw the excrement into the house for those who had not swept in front of their house. Since there were still complaints that the pigs were still walking around leisurely even in the main streets, and all ordinances were unsuccessful, the elector had the fattening of pigs in the city completely prohibited in 1681. As a result, the cattle had to be kept and moved outside the city gates. The square at Georgentor , directly in front of the city wall between bastions 9 and 10, established itself for this purpose. Since then, this square has been popularly known as Ochsenplatz . The tavern was given the privilege of holding the cattle market. Pigs and other cattle were only allowed to pass the city gate on the way to the slaughterhouse, which the Thorschreiber had to observe.
The stilted jug from 1705
Major parts of the George suburbs , some of the five sheep farms and 17 farms and the tavern were when Vorwerk owned by the Queen Sophie Charlotte . When she died in 1705, Frederick I gave the inn and the privilege of holding the cattle market and accommodating cattle dealers to the nearby institution for the military. Up until then, the tavern was often called the Queen's Inn. The official name in official business from 1705 was Invalidenkassen-Gasthof. Nobody used that name. The vernacular gave a common name. On the occasion of another renaming to "Zur Preußische Krone" ("Zur Prussian Crown") in 1744, the District Councilor Wilkins declared that one of the early tenants walked on stilts (wooden legs or crutches), and that the inn was therefore called a Stelzenkrug without further ado. The inn holds the cattle market a few times a month from.
Due to the enlargement of Berlin in 1734 the Ochsenplatz was meanwhile in the urban area. Therefore, the fortress wall that had been built sixty years earlier was torn down again. In 1739, when the demolition of the Georgentor (renamed Königsthor for the coronation of Frederick I in 1701) was finished, a street was laid out in the area of the walls at Ochsenplatz and was given the name Contre Escarpe (French for outer trench edge at fortifications, also spelled Contrescarpe known). The stilted pitcher was on the corner of Bernauer Strasse and was number Contre Escarpe 46 .
The operation of the inn was left to a tenant by the invalids' fund. The time lease was advertised publicly on the corresponding dates. Georg Winckler (approx. 1705–1708) began as the first tenant. This was followed by the cattle dealer Georg Spannagel (1708–1725), the merchant Johann Georg Hansche (1725–1737), the merchant Johann George Bölcke (1737–1743), Hansche once more (1743–1744), the butcher Christoph Hermann (1744– 1746), the soldier Johann Calvary (1746–1756) and the innkeeper Johann Gottfried Klaeger (1756–1765). The annual lease increased from 200 Reichstaler at the beginning to 430 Taler at the end of this time. Until the tenant Hermann, the tenants usually let the house fall into disrepair and it had to be renovated at the expense of the invalids' fund at each new lease. Only after the tenant Calvary did the tenants strive to keep the inn in good condition.
Acquisition of the stilted jug and the privileges
On July 30, 1765, JG Klaeger bought the Stelzenkrug with all the privileges on it for the proud sum of 12,600 Reichstalers from the Invalidenhaus as the highest bidder in a public auction. How proud this sum was can be seen in comparison with the property on the other side of the street from the Stelzenkrug. In the place where the house with the 99 sheep's heads was later built, the Gasthof zum Goldenen Hirschen has been located since 1743. In 1743 the innkeeper Bölke paid 6,650 thalers for this property. When he sold it to the merchant Christian Homeyer in 1760, he received 6,710 thalers. It can be assumed that the hefty surcharge for the stilt jug was due to the privileges.
During her lifetime, Queen Sophie Charlotte gave away the land to the left of the Stelzenkrug and five on Schützenstrasse behind it for building. However, the owners had to pay them an annual base rate. The land was later given the name of the disability freedom. The rights granted by Friedrich I to the Invalidenanstalt in 1705 and subsequently sold to JG Klaeger included the right to conduct cattle trading there according to the purchase letter
- freedom from all civil burdens
- the freedom to dispense wines, including foreign and local beers, without paying the municipal contribution
- To accommodate travelers and especially the cattle dealers with all kinds of cattle
- the right of the associated meat scraping the hereditary canon and
- to collect the basic interest annually from the houses on the disability-free basis.
This may explain the high purchase price. JG Klaeger renamed the Stelzenkrug the “Zur Goldenen Krone” inn when it was purchased. It was popularly referred to as a stilted jug. Not least because the part of the Contre Escarpe in front of the restaurant was officially called “Contre Escarpe am Stelzenkrug”. JG Klaeger died in 1773. His eldest son Johann Christian Friedrich Klaeger inherited the inn and the privileges.
In 1776 a police ordinance was issued stating:
"According to the Police Ordinance of September 19th. 1776. The cattle, they may have whatever name they like, which are brought for sale in Berlin, both during the cattle market and at any other time, in no other place than in and in front of the inn on the Königl. Vorstadt zum goldennen Hirsch, or Stelzenkrug, see above, p. 25, No. 51. can be called, offered for sale or sold. All innkeepers in the other inns are also forbidden to tolerate this, and if it happens, it must be reported to the police directorate. "
In 1784 Johann Christian Friedrich succeeds in convincing the General Directory of the King to issue him and the innkeeper of the Goldener Hirschen with a certificate that gives them the sole right to hold the cattle market.
When the Russian Emperor Alexander I visited Berlin in 1805, he moved across Ochsenplatz to the city palace . Friedrich Wilhelm III. On this occasion, renamed the square to Alexanderplatz on November 2, 1805 , as it is still called today. With the arrival of trade freedom in Prussia , the obligation to slaughter in city slaughterhouses was lifted and numerous private slaughterhouses were established. In 1819 the Contre Escarpe was also renamed Alexanderstraße in honor of the Tsar. Johann Christian Friedrich Klaeger the Elder died in 1820 and bequeathed the inn and the privileges to his eldest son, who was also called Johann Christian Friedrich Klaeger.
Creation of the Klaeger cattle market
The city of Berlin had changed when the stilt jug was in operation. In 1765 it had 125,139 inhabitants and in 1820 it had 201,900. The need for meat had almost doubled. If the stilted jug was in front of the city wall when it was erected, the city had now expanded significantly and Alexanderplatz was a central square in the center of Berlin. The drive of the cattle to the trading center caused filth and stench. The slaughterhouse waste from the now often private slaughterhouses has always been simply disposed of in the Spree. The fenced-in area on Alexanderplatz is no longer sufficient to trade the amount of livestock that is needed in the city. In a memo, a councilor complained about the screaming of the cattle dealers and the barking of the dogs, which started at five in the morning in the winter months and from two in the summer. On the occasion of the opening of the Königstädtisches Theater in Alexanderplatz in 1824, the king is said to have expressed displeasure about the gates and barriers in front of the stilted jug. In 1825, Klaeger bought the right to hold the Berlin cattle market, which had been divided up until then, from the owner of the Goldener Hirschen for 16,000 thalers. In the city's magistrate, however, efforts have already been made to bring the cattle market and slaughterhouse back into government hands. This has already been implemented in other major European cities. However, it failed because the magistrate repeatedly refused to assume the high costs involved. Allegedly to please the king and to contribute to the beautification of the city, Johann Christian Friedrich Klaeger suggests to the king that the cattle market be opened on a plot of land he had previously purchased for 20,000 thalers (the place is now at United Nations Square 3–7) at Landsberger Tor in front of the customs and excise wall. It is likely that Friedrich feared that his privately owned cattle market would either be sold to another applicant or even pass into state hands. At this point in time, 7,000 pieces of mutton, 600 oxen and 700 pigs are said to be sold every day. The king agreed, and so it was possible that JCF Klaeger also played out his inherited rights and on November 4, 1825 “ a concession for the construction of the well-known cattle market at Landsberger Thor, on the condition that the market square and the creation of another space may be ordered ” , was granted.
JCF Klaeger acquired a large piece of land in front of the city wall, which was now not designed as a protective wall, but rather as a customs border with wooden palisades, directly in front of the Landsberger Tor . The address is Landsberger Strasse 86 (Klaeger is already shown as the owner of the property at Landsberger Strasse 80 in the 1812 address book). It should be the location at United Nations Place 3–7 today. While the first gas lanterns were put into operation at Alexanderplatz, the Klaeger cattle market was built and opened in 1826. A contemporary account from 1829 described the cattle market as follows:
“A beautiful, two-storey high, massive, well-furnished guest house and residence, with its two small outbuildings, of which the rear is intended as a tavern for the drovers and other servants belonging here, testify that the owner also chose the type of construction knew how to combine the purpose with good taste. The establishment has five gateways from the street; the first leads to the garden and is no longer considered. The other gateways are intended for driving in and driving out this or that kind of slaughter cattle. In the middle of the courtyard, behind the large residential building, is a massive barn 200 feet long and 64 feet wide, the left half of which, along its entire length, is intended for the pigs and the right half for the mutton and sheep . Both halves are again divided into small sections. Between this stable and the buildings that close the courtyard to the right and left, there are regular courtyards, on which open crates of planks or bays for mutton and pigs are set up in a proper order. In addition, on a special farm there are several covered bays for the same types of cattle, and two important stalls, partly for cattle, partly for mutton and pigs, so that these stalls and bays are sufficient to accommodate up to 4,000 pigs and up to 6,000 mutton in a day. The buildings and courtyards are closed for individual cases by a slaughterhouse furnished with every possible comfort. From a special courtyard there are rooms separated by barriers, as they used to be in front of the Stelzenkrug, but in larger numbers; they are not only paved, but also paved dams lead to the same, and over 1000 head of cattle can be placed there. Behind these barriers is a shed 135 feet long and 35 feet wide, under which the calves are stored for sale, and which can therefore be regarded as the calf market. Beside and behind this shed there is still space to enlarge the shop, because the whole slaughter cattle market has 16 maidservants. Tomorrow floor space. The courtyard is adorned by a small tower with a clock, and lanterns are everywhere for the necessary lighting. All drains flow into cesspools to maintain cleanliness even in the worst season. As a result of his concession, the owner is allowed to put up cattle for sale there every day; But once a year there is also a cattle market held in the so-called Schützenkirchhofe. "
Large parts of the structural description come from the conditions of the concession. In addition to the prescribed clock tower, a room also had to be reserved and furnished for the police officer who was on duty there every day. It should be noted that the adjoining slaughterhouse is only available for individual cases, such as B. Emergency slaughter, was intended. The entire facility was used almost exclusively for the trade in cattle. The acquired cattle had to be driven to private slaughterhouses or the municipal slaughterhouse for slaughter. Here, too, there is a reference from a police manual, which describes the practical monopoly of trade:
"2. Regulation of the KP-P. z. B. v. March 8, 1847, on the prohibition of pre-buying cattle for slaughter. Since the edict on the pre-purchase and purchase of November 20, 1810 (G.-S p. 100) by § 80. of the general. Trade Order of January 17, 1845 is to be regarded as repealed, instead of the public of November 22, 1836 (Official Gazette p. 319) based on the first law, it is hereby announced that with the local existence of a daily market for slaughtered cattle, every sale of such slaughter cattle brought here from other places is prohibited outside the market square located at the Landsberger Thore and is to be punished equally with the fine of up to 20 thalers set out in § 187 of the Trade Regulations or a proportional prison on the seller and buyer. "
The stilt jug remained in the family until at least 1826. According to the concession, all further trading activities on Alexanderplatz had to be stopped when the business moved to the market at Landsberger Strasse 86. The space there, which was partitioned off for trade by the gates, became the property of the state at that time.
Since cattle from Mecklenburg were also traded on the market, a newspaper from Stralsund, for example, regularly reported on the scope of the trading activity. In 1841 it says:
“Berlin cattle market. - From 20 to 24 September incl. c. were raised for sale to slaughter cattle at the local cattle market: 406 cattle from Mecklenburg, Pomerania, the Oderbruche and the Mark. The prices were mediocre. 100 U. best goods were for 11 to 12 Rthlr., Medium goods for 9 to 10 Rthlr. sold. The trade was lively. 1415 pigs of pigs, mostly from Pomerania, the Netze and Warthebruche, and partly also from Mecklenburg. The prices were on average only mediocre, 100 U. of the best core goods were for 11 Rthlr., Medium goods for 10 Rthlr. sold. The trade could be livelier. - 6890 sheep of sheep, mostly from Pomerania, Mecklenburg and the Mark. Although fat goods at prices of 4 to 44 Rthlr. was sold, the prices for middle goods were very low. The trade would have been more lively if the market was more frequented by foreign buyers. - 280 calves from Mecklenburg, the Land Ruppiner and the Havelländische Kreis. The high prices continued this week as well. "
The Klaeger cattle market flourished. Citizens are satisfied with the move to the outskirts. According to converted figures from 1879, around 1842 in Berlin, around 330,000 residents, around 420,000 quintals of meat with a total value of 6.7 million thalers were consumed.
Decline
Various factors led to the decline of the Klaeger cattle market. The growth of the city and the resulting increase in meat consumption may have been a reason. Citizens complained about the deteriorating quality of the meat. The increasing number of cattle to be traded has resulted in a neglect of hygiene. This was also criticized by Rudolf Virchow . The size of the cattle market, which was still highly praised in 1829, appeared too small. In 1842 the last municipal slaughterhouse was closed. The quality of the slaughter in private slaughterhouses was also repeatedly discussed in the magistrate. In order to get these problems under control, a weekly market regulation was introduced in 1848, which also applied to the cattle trade. From 1853 on, a district veterinarian appointed for Berlin was made responsible for inspecting the slaughterhouses, cattle and weekly markets because of the quality problems. The regulation of trade increased significantly. The focus of the magistrate was on efforts to nationalize the slaughterhouse and to simplify trade.
Johann Christian Friedrich Klaeger the Younger died in 1863. He apparently bequeathed the cattle market equally to his three living children and their spouses. From then on, there is only public talk of the Klaeger community of heirs.
On November 16, 1864, the efforts of the magistrate led to the prohibition of driving cattle through the streets from Kläger's cattle yard to the inner city. The police chief v. Bernuth , responsible for awarding the concessions, turned down another cattle market in Berlin in the same year. Even if the deliberations of the magistrate concentrated on the slaughterhouses, the market was also repeatedly included in the deliberations. Not least because the rinderpest ( trichinae infections ) spread from the east .
In addition to the hygiene problems and the efforts of the magistrate, the cattle market also faced the problem of economic competition from other sources. The increasing income was not hidden from other Berlin entrepreneurs. On June 27, 1867, Dr. Martin Ebers from the new police chief v. Wurmb " granted a concession for the construction of a cattle yard from a 24-acre area between Ackerstrasse and Brunnenstrasse and for holding cattle markets ." The strange thing was that the police chief kept this fact from the magistrate for six months, even though he had to know about the state's efforts in the cattle trade. Mr. Ebers sold the land at a profit to Sponholz & Comp., Viehmarkt-Actiengesellschaft. After a dispute as to whether the actually personal concession could also be sold, the stock corporation convinced the city to enter into the development of the market by acquiring shares in the Commanditgesellschaft A. Sponholz & Co. founded in 1868 and thus to achieve the goals of the magistrate. The Ministry of Commerce then declared the concession to be salable. The joint stock company began to build. However, she ran out of funds. In December 1868, the magistrate told the Ministry of Commerce that it had been his intention to enter into negotiations with the Klaeger's heirs in order to bring about the closing of this market as soon as the city itself would be able to open a cattle market. The Ministry of Commerce rejected this approach.
Bethel Henry Strousberg , also known in Berlin as the railway king, then took over the business and invested heavily, so that construction progressed again. He also bought more neighboring properties so that the new Berlin cattle market took up a much larger area.
“Autumn 1870 approached while construction was continuing. A cattle plague observed on the old Klaeger cattle yard prompted the unfinished new cattle yard to be opened to traffic in November 1870. The Berlin butchers were only allowed to slaughter in the new slaughterhouses of the Actien Viehhof until the risk of infection and transmission had been completely eradicated; no cattle were allowed to leave the cattle yard. The old Kläger cattle market, which had no slaughterhouses, was of course temporarily and temporarily closed by the police. "
After the cattle epidemic had been fought, the Klaegersche Viehhof was reopened and some cattle were put up for sale, but the fate of the farm was sealed. The police headquarters initially prohibited driving through the streets to the cattle yard. Cattle had to be brought there by truck. The way from the train stations to the new cattle market was much easier. After Dr. Strousberg also received permission to lay a connecting railway through the Humboldthain and the cattle transport on the part of the police headquarters was only possible there, the Klaegersche Viehhof was completely closed.
It was rumored that Dr. Strousberg's intention was to buy the Klaeger cattle yard from the heirs. But when there was no longer any need for this, he abandoned this idea. By the way, the Klaeger heirs have found modest consolation when they found a buyer a few years later, during the founding period, who paid them a very substantial purchase price for the old cattle yard and used it as building land. Dr. Strousberg established the Berlin cattle market with an attached slaughterhouse and took over the cattle trade monopoly in Berlin until the opening of the city's central cattle and slaughterhouse .
building
Building stilt jug
The exact appearance of the stilted pitcher is only known from building files of the invalids' fund. A contemporary hand drawing by Leopold Ludwig Müller from 1784 shows a two-story building in the background. Unfortunately, other drawings were almost always made standing in front of the stilted jug, with a view of the royal colonnades . The fencing of the livestock area is usually drawn on them so that this point of view can be determined. On city maps, the Stelzenkrug can often be seen as part of a building in a square, formed from Contre Escarpe (Ochsenplatz), Neue Königsstrasse (Bernauer Strasse), Schützenstrasse and Prenzlauer Strasse. The files of the Invalidenkasse show the position of the building around 1704 to 1743, in which only the corner building on Contre Escarpe and Bernauer Strasse was present. However, this protruded about 15 meters into the square. In 1743 the building was to be expanded. For this purpose, an extension to the west, also on the site of the former St. Georgen Hospital, and an extension on Bernauer Strasse to Schützenstrasse were planned. The construction began. In September 1743, the Sur Intendent Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff let the king know that straightening the escape route to the adjacent buildings would better correspond to the design plans of the suburbs. After a short construction stop, the king decided to follow this recommendation. The old corner house of the Stelzenkrug was demolished and the new building was carried out according to von Knobelsdorff's revised plans to save costs. The basic view must have been similar to the new building beforehand, as the old stilted jug was supposed to be integrated into the new building. In the summer of 1744 the building is basically finished. It is two-story like many buildings in this square. At the suggestion of the Wilkins District Council, the inn receives a sign with gold letters and the name "Zur Preußischen Krone".
In front of the Stelzenkrug, the square will also be redesigned according to Knobelsdorff's plans and a large, fenced-in area with gates will be created to display the cattle, only interrupted by a driveway to the central courtyard gate of the Stelzenkrug. If the old pictorial drawings in front of the building still show a simple wooden gate that had enclosed all the cattle, the city maps from 1806 usually show a subdivision of the gate area, which Mila also referred to in his description of the new cattle market. In a painting for the March Revolution in 1848 , the stilted jug (shown on the left) is painted as a three-story building. There are no indications that the stilted pitcher, similar to the House of 99 Sheep's Heads, was torn down and rebuilt by Georg Christian Unger around 1783 . However, construction work must have taken place on the building, if only that one floor was added.
The stilt jug building was finally demolished before 1882. From 1882 to 1884 the Grand Hotel Alexanderplatz was built on this site. In 1919 the hotel was closed again and converted into a commercial building. In the thirties it was acquired by the Engelhardt brewery and finally destroyed in the Second World War. Well-known, old photographs only show this hotel building at the location of the former stilted pitcher. From the time of the old stilt pitcher, only the royal colonnades still exist , but they are now in Berlin-Schöneberg . The location of the Stelzenkrug is now part of the northern free space right next to the tram tracks on Alexanderplatz.
Klaegerscher Viehmarkt building
This building seems to be a beautiful phantom building well worth seeing. Neither from the Landsberger Tor at this location, nor from the cattle market itself, there are currently any contemporary drawings or photographs. The building was built between 1825 and 1826.
Only JC Selters map from 1846 allows a more precise localization of the location. A cattle pitcher is also shown on the map directly outside the Landsberger Tor. It is currently not known whether and in what connection this restaurant is with the cattle market. After all, only Otto Hausburg is known to have stated that the cattle market site was sold for construction purposes after it was closed. Historical buildings no longer stand at this point, so that the cattle market must have been torn down at some point or, at the latest, must have been the victim of the bombing at this point during World War II. Today the property is right on the southeast corner of the large intersection on United Nations Square. The later urban central cattle and slaughterhouse was located east of it.
Murder and torture
In the beginning to the middle of the 19th century in particular, there were numerous publications on an event that is said to have taken place in 1754 in the stilted jug. The childless landlady and widow in a stilted pitcher is said to have been found strangled with a rope around her neck in her bed one morning. The only guest, a theology candidate, was arrested, interrogated and tortured and confessed to the crime. Before the death sentence could be carried out, a further investigation was carried out due to disagreements or objections from citizens. An executioner noticed that the knot of the rope was tied true to the guild. As a result, one or two executioners from Spandau, the widow's brothers, were identified as the perpetrators and confessed to the crime without torture. On this occasion, to Frederick the Great , the torture abolished.
Due to the known ownership structure and the fact that Frederick the Great abolished torture as early as 1740, this variant cannot be correct. The murder may actually have taken place. But regarding the dating, Karl Heinrich Siegfried Rödenbeck notes in 1840 with reference to a source from 1741 that the murder actually happened on June 22, 1736 and the executioners were executed on January 25, 1737. The story described there lacks the stilted jug and the candidate, but the description of the actual act is very accurate. It may then be the template for the urban legend described later.
monopoly
Monopoly is a powerful term. The Klaegersche cattle market never actually had an exclusive right to conduct the cattle trade. However, the claim to it belonged to the ongoing accompanying circumstances which at least always led to a dominant position of the Klaeger cattle trade.
It all began in 1681 with the ban on pig fattening in Berlin and the granting of trading privileges to the tavern on Ochsenplatz. This formulation is currently only known from later literature, especially from Friedrich Nicolai . The first official mention can be found in the deed of donation from Frederick I to the Institute for Military Invalids of June 29, 1705. There it is mentioned that all privileges, freedoms and justice are passed on to the recipient. They can also be sold. They just aren't listed individually.
The following lease agreements usually include, among other things, the right to take in travelers and especially cattle dealers with all kinds of cattle. But even this formulation does not grant an exclusive right to trade in cattle. Nevertheless, either a previously unknown document must exist, or there must have been customary law which leads the tenants to believe that they enjoy an exclusive right here. Because in 1730 Hansche complained about the landlady of the Red Eagle, who illegally traded cattle. In 1737 Bölcke complained that the privileges to trade in cattle were not adequately protected. In the invitation to tender in 1740 it is mentioned that the lease is connected to the cattle market that takes place there every day. In 1746 Calvary complains that Bölcke, who is now serving the Golden Deer, is taking away the cattle dealers and the cattle. With all the complaints, they demand the protection and enforcement of their privileges by the king. In 1758 Johann Gottfried Klaeger began with the most extensive complaints. First with reference to the times of war, he would like a compulsion to drive in cattle through the Landsberger Tor and the setting in his cattle yard. In 1760 he confirmed this and triggered a major official investigation. The file does not follow his input, however, and indicates that Klaeger must endure the war, like all other citizens.
In 1776, the police ordinance concentrated the right to trade in cattle on the golden stag and the stilted jug. On September 29, 1784 the General Directorio of the King issued the plaintiff and the host of the Golden Stag an identical document, according to which they had the exclusive right to trade in cattle. Friedrich Nicolai described the current situation in 1786 in such a way that all calves had to be traded on the Werder market . All other slaughter cattle in front of the stilted pitcher. In writings from the beginning of the 19th century, the name in the past tense refers to the fact that calves used to be traded there. Long after the active trade there, Wilhelm Mila wrote in 1829:
“The already mentioned Friedrichswerder town hall, which consists of two floors and has a tower, and the Friedrichswerder church have given their name to the Werder market located between Marktstraße, the street at the old Packhof, the Niederlage and Niederlagewallstraße; in common life it was also called the calf market for a long time, when on the square between the church and houses no. 1-4 calves on wagons with drooping heads and their pathetic blocks arousing the attention and compassion of the passers-by, were for sale there on certain days of the week. "
Even the acquisition of the livestock trading rights from this document from the Goldener Hirschen and the granting of the license from 1825 do not lead to a real monopoly. Other points of sale, such as B. for calves on Alexanderplatz, for cows in Kommandantenstrasse and in front of the Oranienburger Tor are expressly allowed in the concession. The last police ordinance of 1847 shows, however, that these places then probably played no role in practice. The authorities, too, preferred to concentrate in one place, since the trade could be controlled so much better. The lack of granting of further privileges and concessions always led to concentration on the livestock market run by the Klaeger family. And so the sale outside of it was also officially prohibited.
Incidentally, various statistics in older books show a significantly higher number of cattle dealers. However, this is not a contradiction in terms, as the cattle market was run by only one organizer. In the market, however, numerous traders and commission agents did the actual trading. Siblings of the actual owner of the livestock market also worked as commission agents.
literature
- Christian Otto Mylius: Repertorium Corporis Constitutionum Marchicarum, Berlin and Halle 1755
- Friedrich Nicolai: Description of the royal royal cities of Berlin and Potsdam, all of the peculiarities located there. New edition, first volume. Berlin 1779
- Friedrich Nicolai: Description of the royal royal cities of Berlin and Potsdam, all the peculiarities located there, and the surrounding area. Third edition, second volume. Berlin 1786
- Neander v. Petersheiden, printed by Christian Friedrich Ernst Späthen: New descriptive tables of the entire residential city of Berlin, or evidence of all owners, with their names and businesses, where they live, the number of houses, streets and squares, as well as the apartments of all gentlemen Officers of the local garrison, shown for the second time. Berlin 1801
- Wilhelm Mila, Nicolaische Buchhandlung: Berlin or the history of the origin, the gradual development and the current state of this capital, in terms of location, constitution, scientific culture, guild and trade, according to the most trusted writers and own research. Berlin and Stettin 1829
- JGA Ludwig Helling (Hrsg.): Historical-statistical-topographical pocket book of Berlin and its immediate surroundings. Berlin 1830
- Otto Hausburg, Verlag von Wiegandt, Hempel and Parey: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. Reform proposals with reference to the new municipal cattle market and slaughterhouse facilities. Berlin 1879
Web links
- Alexander Glintschert: Comprehensive series of articles on the history of Alexanderplatz - Describes numerous circumstances about the Stelzenkrug , December 8, 2016, accessed on August 4, 2018
Individual evidence
- ^ Mylius: Repertorium Corporis Constitutionum Marchicarum , 1755, p. 339.
- ↑ Dr. CE Geppert: Chronicle of Berlin from the creation of the city until today. , Berlin 1839, p. 234.
- ↑ Mila: Berlin or history of the origin ... , 1829, p. 209.
- ↑ Nicolai: Description of the royal royal cities ... , 1786, p. XLVI.
- ↑ Nicolai: Description of the royal residential cities ... , 1786, p. IV.
- ^ Mylius: Repertorium Corporis Constitutionum Marchicarum , 1755, p. 63.
- ↑ a b Nicolai: Description of the royal residential cities ... , 1786, p. 31.
- ↑ Alexanderplatz - Known history of the Ochsenplatz from the beginning . Retrieved August 4, 2018.
- ↑ GStA PK, II. HA Generaldirektorium, Section 2 Invaliden- und Invalidenkassensachen, Tit. 123 No. 9 Vol. 2, Bl. 126
- ↑ a b GStA PK, II. HA Generaldirektorium, Section 2 Invaliden- und Invalidenkassensachen, Tit. 123 No. 3 Vol. 1–4
- ↑ Nicolai: Description of the royal royal cities ... , 1779, p. 730.
- ^ GStA PK, I. HA Geh. Civil Cabinet, Rep. 89 Younger Period, No. 28126, February 3, 1825
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, p. 8.
- ^ GStA PK, I. HA Geh. Civil Cabinet, Rep. 89 recent period, No. 26196, November 11, 1832
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, p. 3.
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, pp. 9, 12.
- ^ A b c Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, p. 9.
- ^ Draft in GStA PK, I. HA Geh. Civil Cabinet, Rep. 89 recent period, No. 28126
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, p. 1 as a calculation basis.
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, p. 7,9.
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, p. 10.
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, p. 12.
- ↑ a b Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, p. 13.
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, pp. 13-14.
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, p. 14.
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, p. 15.
- ^ Hausburg: The cattle and meat trade of Berlin. , 1879, pp. 15-16.
- ↑ GStA PK, II. HA Generaldirektorium, Dept. 2 Invaliden- und Invalidenkassensachen, Tit. 123 No. 9 Bd. 2
- ^ JC Selter: City plans of Berlin , 1806–1846, three different versions also available in Wikimedia.
- ↑ Mila: Berlin or history of the origin ... , 1829, p. 497.
- ^ Adolph Streckfuß: 500 years of Berlin history , Berlin 1886, p. 447.
- ^ Gustav Parthey: Youth memories of Gustav Parthey. First part. , Private edition Edited by Ernst Friedel, Berlin 1907, pp. 34–36.
- ^ Julius Stinde: Wilhelmine Buchholz Memoirs , Verlag von Freund & Jeckel 1895, Chapter A Pronunciation.
- ↑ Jan Eik: Scary stories from Berlin. The dark secrets of the city , Berlin 2013, In Henkergeschichten.
- ^ Karl Heinrich Siegfried Rödenbeck: Diary or history calendar from Frederick the great regent life. First division, (1740–1786.) , Berlin, 1840. p. 34.
- ↑ David Fassmann: Life and deeds of the most noble and most powerful king in Prussia Friderici Wilhelmi Zweyter Part. Franckfurth and Hamburg 1741. p. 745.
- ↑ GStA PK, X. HA Justice Deputation Matters, Rep. 2A, No. 145, Bl. 51
- ↑ Nicolai: Description of the royal royal cities ... , 1786, p. Changes, additions, etc. 4th
Coordinates: 52 ° 31 '22 " N , 13 ° 25' 49" E