Collaborative writing

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Article " Maschinenhaus der Zeche Wallfisch " published jointly by radio listeners at WDR 2 on the 15th birthday of Wikipedia (January 15, 2016)

Collaborative writing (from the Latin co “mit-”, and laborare “work”) describes projects with multiple authorship , in which several people work together to create texts (compare collaboration ). Hierarchical projects are supervised by a publisher , while other projects manage without hierarchies. In this way, authors who do not know each other can work together on a text, as is the case, for example, in the free encyclopedia Wikipedia .

idea

In a collaborative community, each participant has the same opportunities to add, edit or remove text ( egalitarian approach). The process of writing becomes a recursive function, with any change in the text causing further changes by members of the collaborative community. The collaborative writing assumes that the participants have a lively discourse and are clear about the purpose of their text.

Collaborative writing enables several participants to edit a text at the same time. This requires software that makes this easier. The contributions of the individual participants can be made simultaneously in real time (for example in the Etherpad or Google Docs) or shortly after one another in the form of a wiki . It is important to be able to trace back the previous versions of the text.

Software solutions

There are now a variety of programs with which one can work collaboratively on texts. Well-known examples of programs that participants install on their own and that are synchronized via a server :

Browser- or web-based programs, which do not require local installation, differ from these stand-alone programs . This includes in particular online word processing programs such as Google Drive , Verbosus (LaTeX) or Microsoft Office Live . Many smaller companies also use online text editors such as Etherpad . The DBook service, created in the course of the NSA affair in Germany, is characterized by a structural focus and encrypted storage of the content.

For specialized purposes, there are now some attempts to enable collaborative editing:

Didactic perspective

Cooperative or collaborative writing can be linked in various ways to the curriculum specifications, for example for the subject German, for example with regard to the requirement of the educational standards to raise awareness of the writing process or to train addressee-appropriate writing.

Cooperative writing as a part of cooperative learning is a much discussed concept in the German didactic discourse as well as in general didactic. Compared to individual learning and frontal teaching methods, cooperative learning has proven to be superior in terms of knowledge acquisition, learning growth, learning motivation and attitude to the subject.

Cooperative writing, as Lehnen has shown, "brings to light the individual writing skills and strategies of those involved in a special way". This is due to the fact that the condition of cooperation led to the need to verbalize ideas, considerations, writing habits and strategies and thus make them accessible in the interaction (and thus also in recording). Reflecting on one's own approach can help students “ practice and monitor their writing process more effectively”. When writing together, pupils learned at an early stage to take into account the perspective of the writer and reader.

If experienced writers write together with less experienced writers, this can lead to an increase in reading and reception skills as well as the ability to formulate words, especially for beginners. If the cooperative text production takes place in a media environment, the prerequisites are good for those involved to be encouraged to reflect on the media.

Relevant patents and patent applications

Important documents:

  • IBM US Patent Number 6192368: published February 2001
  • Microsoft US Patent Number 6574674: published June 2003
  • ThoughtSlinger US Patent Number 7249314: published July 2007
  • Sequoia US Patent Number 7877460: published January 2011
  • smartwork solutions GmbH, EP patent file number 14 16 0413.2: published April 2017

See also

literature

  • Jürgen Baurmann: Cooperative learning in German lessons. In: Praxis Deutsch. Volume 34, Issue 205, Seelze 2007, pp. 6-11.
  • Michael Beißwenger : Speaking to write: On interactive formulation processes in cooperative text production. In: Yüksel Ekinci, Elke Montanari, Lirim Selmani (eds.): Grammar and Variation: Festschrift for Ludger Hoffmann on his 65th birthday. Synchron, Heidelberg 2017, ISBN 978-3-939381-86-0 , pp. 161-174.
  • Michael Beißwenger, Angelika Storrer : Collaborative hypertext production with Wiki technology: Examples and experiences in schools and universities. In: Eva-Maria Jakobs, Katrin Lehnen, Kirsten Schindler (eds.): Writing and media: school, university, job (= text production and medium. Volume 10). Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-60033-7 , pp. 13–36 ( PDF: 382 kB, 17 pages on michael-beisswenger.de ).
  • Inge Blatt: Writing with new media in the German teacher training course: Concept, examples, consequences. In: Kruse, Jakobs, Ruhmann (Hrsg.): Key competence writing: Concepts, methods, projects for writing advice and writing didactics at the university. Luchterhand, Neuwied 1999, pp. 222-239.
  • Ludger Brüning, Tobias Saum: What are the benefits of cooperation? Why actually cooperate? In: New German School. No. 6/7, August 29, 2016, p. 10/11 ( PDF: 75, 2 pages on vielfalt-lernen.zum.de ).
  • Lisa Ede, Andrea Lunsford: Singular texts / plural authors: Perspectives on collaborative writing . Emphasis. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale 1992, ISBN 0-8093-1793-1 .
  • Cornelia Gräsel , Hans Gruber : Cooperative learning in schools: Theoretical approaches - empirical findings - Desiderata for teacher training. In: Norbert Seibert (Ed.): Teaching methods controversial. Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2000, ISBN 3-7815-1071-9 , pp. 161-175.
  • Nicole Hinrichs: Interactive design of text production processes. Doctoral thesis University of Bochum 2013. West German University Press, Bochum 2014, ISBN 978-3-89966-655-7 .
  • Richard J. Hughes, Jake Shewmake, Christopher R. Okelberry: Ceilidh: Collaborative Writing on the Web. Paper on SAC98, 1998 (English; online at lilikoi.com ( Memento from January 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive )).
  • KMK Conference of the Ministers of Education of the Federal States in the Federal Republic of Germany (Ed.): Educational standards in the subject German for the secondary school leaving certificate. Decision of December 4, 2003 ( PDF: 476 kB, 56 pages on kmk.org ).
  • Michael Koch, Alexander Richter: Enterprise 2.0: Planning, introduction and successful use of social software in companies. Oldenbourg, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-486-58578-0 .
  • Rainer Kuhlen : Collaborative Writing. In: Christoph Bieber, Claus Leggewie (Ed.): Interactivity: a transdisciplinary key term. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-593-37603-2 , pp. 216-239 ( PDF: 201 kB, 20 pages on kuhlen.name ).
  • Katrin Lehnen: Cooperative text production: For the joint production of scientific texts in comparison with inexperienced, advanced and very experienced writers. Doctoral thesis at Bielefeld University 2000 ( full text on uni-bielefeld.de ).
  • Katrin Lehnen: Text production as a negotiation process: interactive organization of joint writing tasks. In: Eva-Maria Jakobs, Dagmar Knorr, Karl-Heinz Pogner: Text production: HyperText, Text, KonText. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-631-34551-8 , pp. 75-92 (full text: doi: 10.13140 / RG.2.1.2232.5283 ).
  • Paul Benjamin Lowry, Aaron Curtis, Michelle René Lowry: Building a Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Collaborative Writing to Improve Interdisciplinary Research and Practice. In: The Journal of Business Communication. Volume 41, No. 1, January 1, 2004, pp. 66-99 (English; Brigham Young University ; doi: 10.1177 / 0021943603259363 ).
  • Egon Verharen: Computer Supported Collaborative Writing. Doctoral thesis September 16, 1995 (English; online at infolab.kub.nl ( Memento from April 16, 2004 in the Internet Archive ))

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Aileen Oeberst, Iassen Halatchliyski u. a .: Knowledge construction in Wikipedia: A systemic-constructivist analysis. In: Journal of the Learning Sciences. Volume 23, No. 2, December 2014, pp. 149–176 (English; full text: doi: 10.1080 / 10508406.2014.888352 )
  2. ↑ KMK Conference of the Ministers of Education of the Federal States in the Federal Republic of Germany (ed.): Educational standards in the subject German for the secondary school leaving certificate. Decision of December 4, 2003, pp. 9 and 12 ( PDF: 476 kB, 56 pages on kmk.org ).
  3. ^ Jürgen Baurmann: Cooperative learning in German lessons. In: Praxis Deutsch. Volume 34, Issue 205, Seelze 2007, pp. 6–11, here p. 6.
  4. ↑ Cornelia Gräsel , Hans Gruber : Cooperative learning in schools: Theoretical approaches - empirical findings - Desiderata for teacher training. In: Norbert Seibert (Ed.): Teaching methods controversial. Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2000, ISBN 3-7815-1071-9 , pp. 161–175, here p. 167.
  5. ↑ Ludger Brüning, Tobias Saum: What are the benefits of cooperation? Why actually cooperate? In: New German School. No. 6/7, August 29, 2016, p. 10/11, here p. 10 ( PDF: 75, 2 pages on vielfalt-lernen.zum.de ).
    Jürgen Baurmann: Cooperative learning in German lessons. In: Praxis Deutsch. Volume 34, Issue 205, Seelze 2007, pp. 6–11, here p. 7.
  6. ↑ a b Katrin Lehnen: Cooperative text production: For the joint production of scientific texts by comparing inexperienced, advanced and very experienced writers. Doctoral thesis at Bielefeld University 2000, p. 257 ( full text on uni-bielefeld.de ).
  7. ↑ Katrin Lehnen: Cooperative text production: For the joint production of scientific texts in comparison of inexperienced, advanced and very experienced writers. Doctoral thesis at Bielefeld University 2000, p. 2 ff. ( Full text on uni-bielefeld.de ).
  8. ↑ Katrin Lehnen: Text production as a negotiation process: Interactive organization of joint writing tasks. In: Eva-Maria Jakobs, Dagmar Knorr, Karl-Heinz Pogner: Text production: HyperText, Text, KonText. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-631-34551-8 , pp. 75-92, here p. 77 (full text: doi: 10.13140 / RG.2.1.2232.5283 ).
  9. ^ Inge Blatt: Writing with new media in the German teacher training course: Concept, examples, consequences. In: Otto Kruse, Eva-Maria Jakobs, Gabriela Ruhmann (eds.): Key competence writing: Concepts, methods, projects for writing advice and writing didactics at the university. Luchterhand, Neuwied 1999, ISBN 3-472-03565-X , pp. 222–239, here p. 226 ( PDF download on researchgate.net ).
  10. ↑ Michael Becker-Mrotzek, Ingrid Böttcher: Developing and assessing writing skills: Practical handbook for secondary levels I and II. Cornelsen, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-589-22218-2 , p. 43.
  11. ↑ Katrin Lehnen: Text production as a negotiation process: Interactive organization of joint writing tasks. In: Eva-Maria Jakobs, Dagmar Knorr, Karl-Heinz Pogner: Text production: HyperText, Text, KonText. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-631-34551-8 , pp. 75-92, here p. 88 (full text: doi: 10.13140 / RG.2.1.2232.5283 ).
  12. ↑ Patent information: USPAT6192368.
  13. ↑ Patent information: USPAT6574674.
  14. ↑ Patent information: 7249314.
  15. ↑ Patent information: US & NR = 7877460B1 & KC = B1.
  16. ↑ Patent information: E141604132.