Kranenburg break
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Kranenburger Bruch nature reserve
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 Kranenburger Bruch near Nütterden as seen from the B9 federal road |
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| location | east of Kranenburg | |
| surface | 118 ha | |
| WDPA ID | 164232 | |
| Geographical location | 51 ° 47 ' N , 6 ° 2' E | |
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| Setup date | 1981 | |
| administration | Federal Agency for Nature Conservation | |
The landscape of the Kranenburger Bruch belongs to the Düffel , the floodplain of the Rhine ( Lower Lower Rhine , North Rhine- Westphalia). Originally it stretched from the Wylermeer to Donsbrüggen. The southern border is the heights of the Reichswald and to the north it extends into the Düffel.
Emergence
The regular floods caused by the Rhine towards the end of the Ice Age and the associated erosion, but also sediment deposits, increasingly transformed the low-terraced landscape into an alluvial landscape with heaped gravel and sand banks, embankments, flood troughs and drainage channels. Bounded by the edged moraine wall of the Lower Rhine ridge in the south, which had been pushed up by advancing glaciers, the Kranenburger Bruch formed in a slight depression.
Due to the high groundwater before the first medieval drainage measures, which stood on the ground surface all year round, which prevented the decomposition of the dead plant parts, a fen and then an alder forest could develop. During floods, thin layers of clay were deposited, alternating clay and peat layers. The break lies in a depression and is the lowest point in North Rhine-Westphalia with about 10.7 m above sea level.
The northern heights of the Reichswald are very rich in water. Many springs feed Beeke, a Dutch word for streams. They flow north down the barrage. Some of them are named after the color of their water:
- the Rodebeeke rises at the Klever Springenberg (amphitheater). It is relatively long and flows into the Zelem Sea. It probably got its color from the lawn ore that occurs here.
- the Klarebeeke (today's name "Renneken"), fed by seven springs, flows through Nütterden;
- the Schwarte Water (black water) rises in Schottheide. The water is very acidic and contains humus or bog.
The last two flow without any outflow into the Kranenburger Bruch, which was later drained through ditches (Weteringen / Wässerungen) by the drainage specialists (Broekern).
A little further west, a larger stream flows into the Bruch near Kranenburg . It is called the Groesbeek or the Groesbeeker Bach, because it flows from the place of the same name through the Großbeek basin towards the lowland.
Drainage
Much of the break was covered with forest. It was a quarry forest that stretched over the Lange Hufen and was called by the Romans "Great Forest (magna silva)". In the 13th century, Count von Kleve had Dutch experts, so-called "Broekers", come to drain the quarry. For these activities, the Count recruited specialists for drainage work in order to make the land usable. They cleared the forest and covered the land with drainage ditches. This created striped fields that could be used for agriculture after the clearing. They used the old Franconian unit of measurement, the " hooves ", which is still included in the names of the corridors today: short and long hooves.
A hoof was an area for a small yard that was necessary for a family to survive. At the beginning of the 20th century, increased drainage measures began, which made it possible to use a large part of the broken areas not only for pasture green areas, but also as arable land.
The Count of Kleve used the work of the Broeker and had a moth castle built in the Bruch on the Zyfflicher area, where the Groesbeek flowed into the Bruch . This castle was mentioned in a document in 1270 as a permanent house and is located at the intersection of two intersecting streets, the old Roman road from Xanten to Nijmegen and the path from Groesbeek to the Düffel. The Wetering (Wallwetering) and the stream gave the moats the necessary water. The Broekers settled in the shelter of this castle. A Waldhufensiedlung developed near the castle , which soon took the name of this castle. Kranenburg - a castle in the Kranichenbruch.
In the 1950s, due to the introduction of intensification, agricultural use in the southern area became unprofitable and discontinued. This allowed reed stands to develop on the fallow land. Through extensive use, the remaining grassland areas could be converted into species-rich wet meadows. Silting up or closing drainage ditches promoted dewatering. The fen was ultimately able to keep its diverse character.
Dike show
Dietrich von Horn, Herr von Kranenburg, issued this dyke law in 1343. According to M. Gossen, it is the oldest dyke regulation in Germany. It is remarkable because it had become a dike statute over the area of the Kranenburg break, which was by no means granted to all break areas of the Lower Rhine.
The dike law applied to the Long Hufen and the Short Hufen, the Hesselken and Honderveen corridors on both sides of the Hettsteg and the quarry south and the Layebruch north of the road to Wyler. For self-administration, the landowners of these corridors, the heirs, should elect the home councils on the Sunday after St. Peter's chair celebration.
Deichgraf and Heimräte had the task of maintaining the trenches, bridges and locks and protecting the country from flooding. The judge in the state of Kranenburg was responsible for supervision.
colonization
North of Bruchsche Strasse, where a road from Tüthees used to meet Bruchsche Strasse, was the St. Sebastian Chapel. The chapel and some houses, called St. Sebastian im Bruch, were on an artificial hill. Even south of the wall watering (former name forest watering) are said to have been three houses. A map of the Bedburg Abbey Atlas from 1605 attests to this with an almost square parcel “de alde kerkhoff”. The path no longer exists today. It led right through the excavation lake. Today's access route "Short Hufen" is further west.
The oldest mention of the “broekschen kerkhoff” dates back to 1447. According to this, the believers there were allowed to dig graves. The chapel still exists around 1605. A perspective view shows a three-bay building with roof turrets, ridge facing east - west. So there had been a kind of parish rectorate within the Kranenburg parish, similar to Nütterden with the parish of Donsbrüggen .
An early settlement of the quarry is known from a contract document from the year 1297 between the Count of Kleve and the Zyfflicher Stift. The foreign citizenship of Kranenburg has been confirmed to the settlers. Friedrich Gorissen suspects that the chapel did not survive the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War during the fighting over Schenkenschanz . In 1781 the monastery chapter claimed the proceeds from the stones of the ruined chapel in Bruch.
Historical land use
"Ingestion cap. V vom Armenveen: The poor fairy or van Dorts short hooves called together with the van Dorts poll, is partly pastureland and partly alder wood, which is generally sold every 6 years. The willow in the poor fairy between the bruchschen road and the alder wood is leased. Leased. Prot .: the 8th Decbr. 1772 to Schüsheler for 12 “30; the premium of which 10 pieces each. 2 “5. Alder wood and grass has not been sold this year. Summa 14 “35.“ This is an original text of the income record of the poor administration in Kranenburg from the 18th century.
The use of the areas of the Armenveen, an earlier name for the Kranenburger Bruch, was credited to the poor administration in Kranenburg in the 19th century with the sale of peat and grass. This happened during the mayor's office of Wunder around 1854. The poor administration kept lists of the buyers of peat and grass. In a list dated May 4, 1855, “4 blocks of peat in the old Schloot ” were listed. A number of rods from each block of peat were sold at different prices. This fluctuated between 18 and 40 silver groschen per rod. The buyers came from the immediate vicinity and were often day laborers mostly from Schottheide, but also from Nütterden, Frasselt, Tütthees, Klinkenberg, Galgensteeg, Hettsteeg and Hoogen.
From the water book of the Armenveen near Cranenburg from 1910 it emerges that, for reasons of soil improvement, sufficient soil drainage should be achieved for the cultivation of grass plants and the reclamation of wasteland areas. The area of 125 hectares is said to have consisted of 3/5 arable land and 2/5 of pasture and quarry land. The soil improvement area, on the other hand, only consisted of an area of 14.5 ha with a soil quality in the northern part of 1 to 2 m thick, well decomposed fens and in the southern part of still young unsettled bogs. Half of this area was used as meadow and half as pastureland.
Dewatering was carried out by a plurality of longitudinal trenches partially into the Moorwässerung or in the Wallwässerung Vorflut found. An average water level of 10.3 m above sea level was calculated. The facilities were maintained by the poor administration and the supervision was carried out by the mayor of Kranenburg.
Nature reserve
The Kranenburger Bruch was designated as a nature reserve in 1985 as part of the “Lower Lower Rhine” wetland. It is used to preserve and restore
- Living places within the nationally significant fen
It has been part of the European RAMSAR "Unterer Niederrhein" bird sanctuary since 1983 and has been an EU FFH area since 2004 . It has a size of 115 ha.
Occurrence of breeding birds
The most common species are the reed warbler , reed warbler , reed bunting , followed by fitis and blackcap . Rare but important species are the stonechat , bluethroat , kingfisher as well as lapwing , snipe and water rail . The new goose citizens can also be observed here all year round. Be found on the northern Blänken often gray goose , Canada goose and Egyptian goose . The shelduck also gets lost this far.
Land use
Extensive land use (around 60%) is e.g. B. made by grazing with Skudden (northwestern tip) as winter pasture. If necessary, grazing can also be carried out around the new banks to suppress encroachment.
There is cattle pasture northwest of the excavation lake. There used to be the Scottish highland cattle here , which has now been replaced by the black and white. Coming soon will Heck cattle or Charolais -Rinder be used.
Northeast of Abgrabungssees the reeds (will Ried ) still used for roofing. A reed roofer from Ooij in the Netherlands mows the reeds.
The excavation lake itself also serves as a fishing paradise today. Gravel was needed for the construction of the B504 bypass in 1974. Since there were probably holes at this point from peat extraction, gravel was dredged here. They used proboscis which one day blocked. The excavator driver had to pull up the proboscis and look. The amazement was great! Huge bones clogged the trunk. These could only be determined by bringing in an archaeologist from the Office of Land Monuments in Xanten. They were mammoth bones that came back to the surface after about 80,000 years. After the restoration, they came to the Katharinenhof Museum . In the exhibition “History in the Tower” in the mill tower, some mammoth bones are on display.
particularities
A special feature in the entire Düffel are the many hedges. Here in the quarry, too, the areas are bordered by hedges. Hedges slow the wind and contribute to less erosion . Originally they were used to fence the cattle. They were regularly put on the stick to produce firewood.
Orchid meadow
Rare orchids grow here with marsh stendelwort and flesh-colored orchids. As part of a maintenance contract, mowing takes place here twice a year.
Blänken
The rare crab claw comes in three small blanks. Willows are regularly removed from various blanks in order to make space for rare species again.
Hybrid poplars
The trees along the road, the hybrid poplars , are a relic from the Napoleonic era. With the occupation of the Lower Rhine by the French, this tree species came here, which is otherwise not native here. This is how many avenues arose here that ran from church tower to church tower.
However, the trees on Bruchschen Strasse are not that old. They were planted about 60 years ago, when almost all trees fell victim to the chaos of the last world war. They were certainly not only destroyed by military fire. People liked them so that they could heat their rooms in winter.
At the time of planting, they not only wanted new wind protection quickly, but also wanted to recycle the wood. Wooden shoes, drawing boards and matches were made from the fast-growing poplar wood. Today it is processed into wood chips and pellets for energy generation or is used to manufacture chipboard .
Hercules perennials
Hercules perennials spread south-east of the excavation lake in the area of an earlier nursery and in places displace the original tall perennials or reeds.
Nature trail
A nature trail with information boards was laid out in 2002 around the eastern part of the nature reserve. This starts at the parking lot across from Tüthees Street.
- Introduction board at the parking lot
Introduction with map to one of the last fen relics on the lower Lower Rhine: From the fen to the Erlenbruch. Because of the abandonment of the agricultural land, nature was able to recapture the break. Purchase of the last arable land to be converted into grassland.
- Animals and plants of the meadows and pastures , end of the road short hooves
Meadows are man-made habitats and must be looked after. Here you can find the cuckoo carnation . In the former Rheinaue, the lapwing also has a chance if it is not disturbed by mowing too early.
- Herd of mother cows on Bruchschen Strasse
Extensive grazing promotes many animal and plant species. Robust cattle such as the Scottish highland cattle are often used for this. The cow raises her calf here alone. Feathers of water and pond snails live in the trenches .
- Habitat Saum on Horndrichstrasse
Hedge bushes are presented with their fruits. Are common hawthorn and elder . It is a habitat for butterflies and insects. The stonechat also has a chance to breed on well-sunlit seams, on the edges of moors.
- Pollard willows at the beginning of the hiking trail
Pollard willows provide a large habitat for many insects, bats and birds. Little owls , the character bird of the rural cultural landscape on the Lower Rhine, live in hollows of old head trees .
- Reeds
A few decades ago you could see meadows here that were used for hay extraction. With the abandonment of these meadows, the reeds could develop. It provides habitat for many Red List - animal and plant species, such as B. the Marsh Harrier or the Rohrammer .
The crane needs this nature to breed. In addition, however, there is still privacy from people. It is questionable whether the heraldic animal of Kranenburg will settle here. But before the clearing work he was safely at home here and gave cause for the name of the first castle.
- Wetland habitat just before the starting point
The bird of luck, which adorns Kranenburg's coat of arms, the crane, had its territory here in the Erlenbruch. Sedge and iris are native plants in the Bruch .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Kranenburger Bruch. Retrieved February 8, 2018 .
- ↑ Manfred Gossen: The duffel. A natural landscape on the Lower Rhine (Heemstudie 14) . Ed .: Heimatkundeverein Die Düffel, Millingen adR 1987.
- ↑ Klever Springenberg ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Gerd Lamers: The history of Kranenburg and its surrounding area, In: Kranenburg. A home book . Ed .: Association for Heimatschutz 1922 eV Kranenburg. Kranenburg 1984, p. 13 .
- ↑ Manfred Gossen: The duffel. A natural landscape on the Lower Rhine (Heemstudie 14) . Ed .: Heimatkundeverein Die Düffel. Millingen adR 1987.
- ^ Association for Heimatschutz 1922 eV Kranenburg (ed.): History in the tower. Catalog for the local history exhibition in the Mühlenturm Kranenburg . Kranenburg 2006, p. 283 .
- ^ Friedrich Gorissen : Kranenburg. An old sanctuary of the Lower Rhine . Kranenburg 1950.
- ↑ Kranenburg municipal archive, BK 178 (old sign. BR1)
- ↑ Kranenburg municipal archive, BK 148 (old sign. A141)
- ^ Annual report 1996, NABU Nature Conservation Station Niederrhein
- ↑ Annual report 2015, NABU Nature Conservation Station Niederrhein
- ↑ Annual report 2008, NABU Nature Conservation Station Niederrhein
- ↑ Gerd Lamers: The history of Kranenburg and its surrounding area. In: Kranenburg. A home book . Ed .: Association for Heimatschutz 1922 eV Kranenburg. Kranenburg 1984, p. 9 .
- ^ Annual report 2002, Nabu Naturschutzstation Niederrhein
