Lower Rhine ridge

 Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

Lower Rhine heights (train)
The Dürsberg in Sonsbeck Switzerland near Sonsbeck (with observation tower)
Highest peak	Klever Berg ( 106.8  m above sea  level )
location	Germany → North Rhine-Westphalia
Coordinates	51 ° 38 ′  N , 6 ° 22 ′  E Coordinates: 51 ° 38 ′  N , 6 ° 22 ′  E
Type	Compression moraine from the Saale glaciation with attached sand terraces
rock	Sand / gravel / gravel of the Rhine terrace with deposits of silts, clays and clay till
Age of the rock	compressed approx. 250,000 years ago

The Lower Rhine Ridge is a ridge that stretches with several interruptions in a wide arc between the valley of the Rhine in the east and that of the Niers in the west through the Lower Rhine lowlands from Krefeld to Nijmegen . It is also called the Lower Rhine Heights , especially in the natural spatial structure of Germany , whereby the natural spatial unit does not include the southernmost elevations. The ridge rises locally up to more than 100  m above sea level, and thus more than 60 m above the surrounding low terraces of the original Rhine and was in the penultimate ice age , the Saalian through which ice edges of the coming from the northeast glacial formed .

Geological background

Origin / geological classification

The Lower Rhine ridge was formed in the final phase of the Middle Pleistocene at the height of the Saale Glaciation around 250,000 years ago. In this phase, starting from Scandinavia, the whole of Northern Europe was covered by inland ice . In several spurts ( stadials ) the ice penetrated over northern Germany and the North Sea basin to the southwest and reached in the time of maximum expansion, in the Drenthe-Stadial , over the Westphalian Bight also the Lower Rhine Plain and the Netherlands . The most south-westerly advance in the Netherlands reached beyond Amersfoort ( Gelderse Vallei , Gelderland ) and is therefore also called the Amersfoort Stadium .

In the area of ​​the Lower Rhine, two slightly offset ice edge layers (seasons) can be distinguished for the Drenthe-Stadial: The stage of the maximum ice advance is marked by the Krefeld season (also called Neuss season because its southern end is in Neuss ). A little further to the east is the less well trained Kamper Staffel , named after its southern end, the Kamper Berg and the Kamp monastery built on it . The latter is also known as the Mintarder Staffel , as the ice at this stage penetrated as far as Mintard into the Ruhr valley , where it left a clearly pronounced compression moraine . It is unclear whether the Kamper Staffel is the younger or the older, i.e. whether the ice of the Krefeld Staffel drove over the Kamper outskirts and partly overformed it or whether the Kamper Staffel lagged behind the Krefeld Staffel and was later eroded by meltwater and the Rhine.

construction

With its upstream and downstream areas, the ridge shows typical features of the glacial series in its morphology . The Lower Rhine ridge is characterized by a relatively steep edge on the north and east sides and a flatter sloping south and west side.

The steep north-east side is a typical compression moraine . The ice masses of the more than 100 meter high glaciers advancing from the north and east pressed the frozen upper layers of the subsoil (consisting primarily of sand , gravel and gravel deposits of the Rhine bed) together due to their high weight , pushing them onto the slippery lower ones Layers (consisting of silts and clays ) in front of them and compress the material at the front edge into a wall. The wall therefore consists mainly of the near-surface material of the central terrace of the Rhine with embedded remains of lower Pleistocene and Tertiary layers. In the dam there are also remnants of glacial till , larger boulder rocks and individual boulders , which the inland ice advancing from Scandinavia picked up on the way and transported to there.

The flat south-west side consists mainly of attached sand terraces and cones with deposits of flowing earth and aeolian sediments , especially loess . In a south-westerly direction, the terraces are criss-crossed in many places by gullies and hollows that were created in the periglacial phases of the Saale and Vistula ice ages when melt water ran off and which today form dry valleys .

On the north and east side of the Stauchwall, where the glacier ice once lay, the typical ground moraines and tongue basins (praises) of the glacial series can only be seen in a few places . Most of the time, this area was completely eroded by the Rhine after the Saale Ice Age, when the primordial Rhine shifted to the east in the course of the change from warm and cold periods, and covered by younger sediments. In several places the dam was broken through and removed by arms of the overgrown Rhine .

Natural structure

In the handbook of the natural division of Germany (preliminary map 1: 1,000,000 1954, 6th delivery 1959, map 1: 1,000,000 1960) the main part of the Lower Rhine ridge was identified as an independent main unit 574 of the main unit group Niederrheinisches Tiefland (57). This was subdivided into two related components in 1977 in the handbook of the natural spatial structure of Germany # single sheets single sheet 95/96 Kleve / Wesel . The mountain ranges on the left bank of the Rhine, which are mostly in the Netherlands, were also (and for the first time) given the rank of main unit (579: Elten Heights ) in this sheet .

In 1963, on sheet 108/109 Düsseldorf / Erkelenz, the southern part of the ridge was subdivided with the Schaephuyser ridge, which, according to the manual and also in the single sheet, was in the area of ​​the main unit 573 Kempen-Aldekerker plates (Niersplatten), and the Schaephuyser The mountain range was given the number 573.5. Endmoränenreste south and southeast of the main ridge and the Bönninghardt and east of the ridgeline of the Schaephuyser Höhenzugs were again, just like the Hülser mountain as southern continuation of Schaephuyser ridge, on both sheets as singularities of the subunit 575.01 mortar Donkenland the main unit 575 Average Niederrheinebene reported .

The natural landscape of the Lower Rhine ridge is structured as follows:

• (to 57 Niederrheinisches Tiefland )
  • 579
  • 574 Lower Rhine Heights , from northwest to southeast:
    • 574.6 Kranenburger Höhenrand
    • 574.5 Reichswaldhöhen with the Klever Reichswald ; in NL up to 99.8 m, on Klever Berg 106.8 m
    • 574.4 Pfalzdorfer Höhen , on Monreberg up to 72 m
      • 574.40 Pfalzdorf Loess Plateau
      • 574.41 Pfalzdorfer Höhenrand
    • 574.3 Uedem break
    • 575.2 Balberger Höhenrücke , in the extreme south, east of the Dürsberg observation tower , up to 92.0 m
      • 575.20 Balberger Sandloess Back
      • 575.21 Balberger Höhenrand
    • 574.1 Hees (own connected component ), up to 76.1 m
    • 574.0 Bönninghardt (own related component ), up to 59.7 m
  • (to 575 Middle Lower Rhine Plain )
    • (for 575.01 Moers Donkenland )
      • Kamper Berg (42 m) in the W, and Niersenberg (41 m) in the O
      • Dachsberg (57 m)
      • Eyller Berg (63 m)
      • Rayener Berg (64 m)
      • Gülixberg (44 m)
  • (for 573 Kempen-Aldekerker panels )
    • 573.5 Schaephuyser mountain range (up to 82 m)
  • (to 575 Middle Lower Rhine Plain)
    • (for 575.01 Moers Donkenland)
      • Hülser Berg (63.7 m)

The part of the ridge on the right bank of the Rhine is structured as follows:

• (to 57 Niederrheinisches Tiefland)
  • 579 Eltener Höhen (= Bergherbos ), at the Hettenheuvel 91.6 m, in Germany at the Eltenberg up to 82.4 m
    • 579.00 Elten shrub wall heights
    • 579.01 Elten high edge

Course and Sections

Topographic map with labeling of the main sections and adjacent larger towns

The observation tower on the Klever Berg , the highest point of the Lower Rhine ridge ( 106.8  m )

The Lower Rhine ridge can be subdivided from southeast to northwest into several main sections, which are delimited by incisions that reach down to the lower terrace of the Rhine:

The ridge (more precisely the Neuss / Krefeld relay ) can be seen weakly from around Neuss. In the area from Neuss via Meerbusch to Krefeld, however, the terminal moraine wall was eroded by the Rhine to such an extent that it is only recognizable in places as a flat ridge today.

For the first time, the ridge north of Krefeld with the very striking Hülser Berg ( 63  m ) appears more clearly . To the north of it follows an incision, today traversed by the Siebenhausen ditch . In the area to the east of the Hülser Berg, the dam was so severely eroded by ice and the Rhine that only the Egelsberg ( 51  m ) remained as a relatively flat Inselberg . However, this is not part of the original compression moraine, but the remnant of a fluvioglacial sander terrace that is widespread in the lower Lower Rhine and is paved over due to the flat relief and the nutrient-rich soil.

The second main section is the Schaephuyser ridge , which extends from Tönisberg west past Schaephuysen and Rheurdt to the Oermter Berg . The highest mountain here is the Saelhuyser Berg at 80  m . To the west of the Schaephuys ridge, which drops steeply to the east, is the flat Aldekerker Platte , a remnant of the main terrace. The Schaephuyser Heights end in the north at a wide cut between Issum and Kamp-Lintfort , marked by the historic Fossa Eugeniana canal . Through this incision, several small rivers cross the ridge to the west (i.e. into the catchment area of Niers and Maas ), including the Nenneper and Issumer Fleuth .

To the east of the Schaephuys ridge, as the southern end of the Kamper / Mintarder Staffel , which is largely eroded in this area , there are a few isolated island mountains in a wide arc to the west of Kamp-Lintfort , see below . The highest of these is the Eyller Berg ; As a landfill, it has grown from 63  m to 77  m .

To the north of the Fossa Eugeniana incision and to the north-west of the Inselberg mountains near Kamp-Lintfort, the next main section is the flat, plateau-like Bönninghardt . This has some prominent high points in the area of ​​the height edge: In the southeast corner, on the edge of the Leucht , heights of up to 54  m are reached. The highest point of the Bönninghardt is the Haagsche Berg in the far north with 59.7  m . To the north of the Bönninghardt, near Sonsbeck , the Lower Rhine ridge is interrupted by another flat incision.

The next main section is the Xanten compression wall arch , which was formed by the Xanten lobe . This arch runs clockwise from Xanten , north past Sonsbeck , between Labbeck and Balberg through to Marienbaum . It begins in the east, near Xanten, with the Hees, up to 76.1  m high, and the Fürstenberg ( 71.6  m ). To the west there is a flat incision (NSG Grenzdyck with Bach Hohe Ley ), followed by the sporadically wooded “Sonsbeck Switzerland” in the south of the arch, which reaches a height of 92  m to the east of the Dürsberg observation tower and the southeast part of the otherwise much more heavily wooded Balberger ridge forms, which stretches from Sonsbeck north to Marienbaum.

The western part of the Balberger or Labbeck ridge consists of the Tüschenwald (up to 89.2  m ) in the south and the Uedemer Hochwald (up to 74.5  m ) in the north. The Xantener Bogen is bounded to the west by the Uedemer Bruch .

On the other side of the Uedemer Bruch, the Lower Rhine ridge continues with the Pfalzdorfer Heights , which extend across the Dutch border to Nijmegen. This plateau-like plateau is also called Gocher Heide in the east , Pfalzdorfer Loess Plateau in the middle and Reichswald in the west . Distinctive elevations are in turn in the area of ​​the height edge, which is particularly pronounced in the north and east as a dam. In the south and east, from Goch via Uedem to Kalkar , the Pfalzdorfer Höhenrand stretches out , reaching heights of up to 60 m in the east. The range of hills on the northern edge, between Kalkar and Bedburg-Hau , is called the Bedburg-Moyländer mountain range .

At the north-western end of this section there is a striking, double (ω-shaped) edging wall arch, which was formed by two glacier tongues: The Kranenburger Lobus formed the Kranenburg ridge , which runs from Kleve south around Kranenburg . A little to the south of it are the Reichwaldhöhen . The highest point in this section and at the same time the highest elevation of the entire Lower Rhine ridge is the Klever Berg at 106.8  m , crowned by an observation tower (see picture). To the west, already mostly on Dutch territory, there is a second tongue basin, which was formed by the Groesbeek Lobus : The Stauchwall begins at Kranenburg and extends south around Groesbeek to Berg en Dal and Nijmegen. The southern and western parts of the arch are called Zeven Heuvelen (Seven Hills). The Lower Rhine ridge ends near Nijmegen, where the Rhine at the Gelderse Poort (the gateway to Gelderland ) breaks through the Stauchwall chain and divides into Nederrijn and Waal .

North of the ridge of the Rhine, the ridge clearly separates into at least two ice-edge layers: The western line ( Amersfoort Stadium , continuation of the Neuss / Krefeld relay ) is the Utrecht ridge , which begins at Rhenen and extends west of the Gelderse Vallei (Geldrischen valley) , between Utrecht and Amersfoort , heading northwest across Hilversum to Bussum on the IJsselmeer . The eastern part (continuation including the Kamper / Mintarder Staffel ) stretches from Arnhem on the east side of the Gelderse Vallei in a north-northeast direction through the Eastern Veluwe ( Hoge Veluwe ) west past Apeldoorn via Zwolle to the Drenthe region . This season also includes the Bergherbos (Bergher Forest) in Montferland north of Emmerich and the Paasberg near Terborg .

use

Former windmill Hohe Mühle on the Katzenberg near Uedem , today a lookout tower

Because of the dry and sandy-gravelly subsoil, the Lower Rhine ridge is mostly - with the exception of a few flat zones with high levels of loess - not very suitable for agricultural use. Most of the back is wooded. In some places there are sand and gravel pits .

Because of the exposed altitude and the resulting favorable wind conditions, the ridge of the Lower Rhine ridge was a preferred location for windmills in the past . Today, for the same reason, there are some modern wind turbines on its flanks. In addition, the ridge serves as an installation site for various other structures for which an elevated location is advantageous: transmission masts and antenna systems , elevated tanks , fire watch towers , etc.

In more recent times the ridge has also been discovered by the neighboring municipalities for recreation and tourism . Some areas are accessible by a network of hiking and cycling trails. Lookout towers have been built at several particularly exposed places that offer a particularly good view .

List of mountains and elevations

Main section	Section (nearest place)	Mountain / elevation	height	Coordinates	Comments / sources
Pfalzdorfer Höhen Ketelwald	Zeven Heuvelen (Dutch part of the Groesbeek Lobus , near Groesbeek / Nijmegen )	Duivelsberg ( Wylerberg )	75.9	51 ° 49 '  N , 005 ° 57'  E
		Boterberg	46	51 ° 50 '  N , 005 ° 55'  E	Stollenberg and Ravenberg are also very close by
		Muntberg	82	51 ° 48 '  N , 005 ° 54'  E
		Hooge Hoenderberg	61	51 ° 47 '  N , 005 ° 54'  E
		Wolfsberg		51 ° 46 '  N , 005 ° 55'  E
		Mookerschans (Mookerheide)	75	51 ° 45 '  N , 005 ° 54'  E
		Sint Jansberg (Kiekberg)	79	51 ° 45 '  N , 005 ° 55'  E
	Reichswaldhöhen / German part of the Groesbeek Lobus (near Grafwegen )	NN	74	51 ° 45 '  N , 005 ° 58'  E	near the fire watch tower; not far is the famous boulder "golden calf"
		Jan	66	51 ° 45 '  N , 005 ° 58'  E
		Yeah	54	51 ° 44 '  N , 005 ° 58'  E	("Son of Jan")
		Hunsköbel	62	51 ° 45 '  N , 005 ° 58'  E
		Hertenkop	50	51 ° 45 '  N , 005 ° 59'  E
		Freudenberg (Freilenberg)	71	51 ° 45 '  N , 005 ° 59'  E
	Reichswaldhöhen / Kranenburger Lobus (south of Kranenburg to Kleve )	Drüller Berg (Drölsenberg)	76	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 00'  E
		Vossenhögt	53	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 00'  E
		Brandenberg	90	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 01'  E
		Pölhögt	60	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 01'  E
		Frasselter mountain	40+	51 ° 47 '  N , 006 ° 02'  E
		Heyberg	40+	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 02'  E	Wind turbine location
		Lentsenberg	85	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 01'  E
		Ladder to heaven	80+	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 01'  E
		Beguinage	76	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 01'  E
		Hauberg	68	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 01'  E
		Rauwenberg	70	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 03'  E
		Godlofsenberg	81	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 03'  E
		Geldenberg	89	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 03'  E	with fire watch tower
		King's chair	64	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 04'  E
		Pölsberg	78	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 04'  E
		Nine Watch Mountain (Negenurenberg)	87	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 04'  E
		Treppkesberg (Trepkesberg)	84	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 04'  E
		Rosenbordenberg	81	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 05'  E
		Grote Högt	70	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 05'  E
		Stoppelberg	92	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 05'  E
		Wolfsberg	46	51 ° 47 '  N , 006 ° 04'  E	formerly a sand pit, now a nature reserve
		Hingstberg	33.3	51 ° 47 '  N , 006 ° 04'  E	formerly a sand pit, now a nature reserve
		Mönnikenberg	65	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 05'  E
		Rupenberg	96	51 ° 46 '  N , 006 ° 05'  E
		Koehlerberg	74	51 ° 47 '  N , 006 ° 05'  E
		Maselberg	52.5	51 ° 47 '  N , 006 ° 05'  E
		Vossberg	46	51 ° 47 '  N , 006 ° 05'  E
		Spielberg	53.6	51 ° 48 '  N , 006 ° 06'  E	War memorial site
		Klever Berg	106	51 ° 47 '  N , 006 ° 07'  E	with observation tower
		Sternberg	86	51 ° 48 '  N , 006 ° 07'  E	War memorial site
	Bedburg-Moyländer Höhen (from Kleve via Bedburg-Hau and Moyland to Kalkar )	Schollenberg	34.9	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 13'  E
		Eselsberg	41	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 12'  E	formerly the site of the Schneppenbaumer Mühle post mill (demolished in 1926)
		Sternberg (near Schneppenbaum)	43	51 ° 45 '  N , 006 ° 13'  E
		Kalkarberg	46.7	51 ° 44 '  N , 006 ° 17'  E	Location barracks with transmitters
		Monreberg	68.3	51 ° 43 '  N , 006 ° 18'  E	Location of transmitter masts and elevated water tank
		Pierenberg	57.6	51 ° 43 '  N , 006 ° 18'  E
	Pfalzdorfer Höhenrand (from Kalkar via Uedem to Goch)	Dead Hill	53+	51 ° 42 '  N , 006 ° 18'  E	Gravel pit location
		Paulsberg	55	51 ° 41 '  N , 006 ° 18'  E	Military area
		Katzenberg	54	51 ° 40 ′  N , 006 ° 17 ′  E	Location of the Hohe Mühle windmill , today an observation tower ( picture )
		Rother mountain	48.5	51 ° 40 ′  N , 006 ° 17 ′  E	Location of transmitter masts, barracks
		Klutenberg	40.1	51 ° 39 '  N , 006 ° 17'  E
		Gochfortzberg	45.2	51 ° 39 '  N , 006 ° 18'  E
		Kalvariberg	34	51 ° 43 '  N , 006 ° 06'  E
Xanten Lobus	Balberger / Labbecker Höhen , ( Sonsbeck Switzerland , Tüschenwald , Uedemer Hochwald , between Sonsbeck , Labbeck and Marienbaum )	NN (in the Uedemer Hochwald )	72	51 ° 41 '  N , 006 ° 22'  E	near the telecommunications tower
		Hufscher Berg	46	51 ° 40 '  N , 006 ° 22'  E
		The Hau	73	51 ° 39 '  N , 006 ° 21'  E
		Cairn	79.2	51 ° 39 '  N , 006 ° 21'  E
		NN (in the northern Tüschenwald near Wessels)	86.9	51 ° 39 '  N , 006 ° 21'  E	Transmission tower location
		Balberg (Balberger Höhe)	87.4	51 ° 38 '  N , 006 ° 22'  E
		Op den Hövel	85.9	51 ° 38 '  N , 006 ° 24'  E
		On the mountain	78.8	51 ° 37 '  N , 006 ° 24'  E
		Krobsberg	75.7	51 ° 38 '  N , 006 ° 22'  E
		Dürsberg	79	51 ° 37 '  N , 006 ° 23'  E	With observation tower. About 0.5 km northwest of the Dürsberg is an unnamed hill with a height of 80.9 m.
		The spiral staircase	60+	51 ° 37 '  N , 006 ° 23'  E
		Sandberg	48.9	51 ° 37 '  N , 006 ° 25'  E	former sand pit
	The Hees / Maikamer (near Xanten )	Fürstenberg (also: Ob Tolls Berg )	75	51 ° 39 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E	Location of the Roman legionary camp Castra Vetera , east flank today a nature reserve
		Heesberg	72.6	51 ° 39 '  N , 006 ° 27'  E	Fire watch tower location, transmission mast
		Wolfsberg	74.8	51 ° 38 '  N , 006 ° 27'  E
		Dachsberg	56	51 ° 39 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E
		Three-sapling mountain	75.5	51 ° 38 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E	Location of the transmission tower (radio relay switch point of the air force); three erratic boulders protected as a natural monument
Boenninghardt		Stebbigsberg	33.2	51 ° 35 '  N , 006 ° 25'  E
		Schmitteberg	35+	51 ° 35 '  N , 006 ° 25'  E	other flat hills nearby: Bramenberg, Brückenberg, Legeberg
		Paßenberg (Passberg)	35	51 ° 36 '  N , 006 ° 26'  E	formerly sand / gravel pit
		Haagscher Berg	57.8	51 ° 35 '  N , 006 ° 27'  E
		Mühlenhöhe Alps	57.2	51 ° 35 '  N , 006 ° 30'  E	Location of the old fort and old mill
		The light	53+	51 ° 33 '  N , 006 ° 31'  E
Inselberge near Kamp-Lintfort		Niersenberg	37.9	51 ° 31 '  N , 006 ° 32'  E
		Kamper Berg (also: Hoher Busch )	35.8	51 ° 31 '  N , 006 ° 31'  E	Location Kamp monastery
		Dachsberg	54.8	51 ° 30 '  N , 006 ° 30'  E
		Rayener Mountain	63	51 ° 28 '  N , 006 ° 32'  E	Location windmill; Nature reserve
		Gülixberg	43.5	51 ° 27 '  N , 006 ° 32'  E
Schaephuysener Heights (from Oermten via Schaephuysen to Tönisberg )		Oermter Berg (Oermtschen Berg)	68.1	51 ° 29 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E	Wind farm on the west flank
		Warzberg	64	51 ° 28 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E
		Mühlenberg (near Rheurdt)	69.5	51 ° 28 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E	Transmitter mast location on the eastern flank
		Schardenberg / Finkenberg	77	51 ° 27 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E
		Saelhuyser Berg	80.3	51 ° 27 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E	Location water elevated tank
		Mühlenberg (near Schaephuysen)	65.8	51 ° 26 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E	Location of the former windmill St. Michael Tower
		Hahnenberg	69.2	51 ° 26 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E
		Windberg	69.7	51 ° 26 '  N , 006 ° 28'  E	Location of the radio control measuring point of the Federal Network Agency
		Mühlenberg (near Haag)	63.6	51 ° 25 '  N , 006 ° 29'  E	there is no mill here today
		Wartsberg	68	51 ° 25 '  N , 006 ° 29'  E
		Tönisberger Heights (Tönisberg, Hattmanns-Berg)	55+	51 ° 24 '  N , 006 ° 30'  E	Location of the Tönisberger mill , transmitter mast and Niederberg IV shaft
		Wolfsberg	55+	51 ° 24 '  N , 006 ° 31'  E
Inselberge near Krefeld		Hülser Berg	63	51 ° 23 '  N , 006 ° 32'  E	with observation tower
		Egelsberg	47	51 ° 23 '  N , 006 ° 35'  E	Location of the Egelsbergmühle

Remarks:

• The Kapuzinerberg and the Inrather Berg near Krefeld and the Eyller Berg , the Pattberg and the Halden North Germany and Rossenray near Kamp-Lintfort are artificial mountains; geologically, they do not belong to the Lower Rhine ridge.
• The Süchtelner Höhenzug (also called Viersener Horst ), which stretches from Mönchengladbach via Viersen and Süchteln to Grefrath , is not counted among the Lower Rhine Heights - although it is located in the Lower Rhine region. The Süchtelner heights did not occur, as assumed up until the 1970s, when moraine, but before about 25 million years ago as Horst .

literature

• Klaus Heine et al .: Contributions to the Quaternary of the northern Rhineland . Ferd. Dümmlers, Bonn 1983 ( full text as PDF ).
• Helmut Siebertz: Sedimentological assignment of Saale-time glacier deposits to several advances on the lower Lower Rhine . In: Ice Age & Present - Quaternary Science Journal . Vol. 33, No. 1 . DEUQUA - German Quaternary Association, Hanover 1983, p. 119–132 ( full text as PDF ).
• Helmut Siebertz: The position of the dam walls of Kleve-Kranenburg as part of the Saale-time glacier advances on the Lower Rhine . In: Ice Age & Present - Quaternary Science Journal . Vol. 34, No. 1 . DEUQUA - German Quaternary Association, Hanover 1984, p. 163–178 ( full text as PDF ).
• Thomas Litt et al .: Stratigraphic terms for the Quaternary of the northern German glaciation area . In: Ice Age & Present - Quaternary Science Journal . Vol. 56, No. 1/2 . DEUQUA - German Quaternary Association, Hanover 1984, p. 7–65 ( full text as PDF ).
• GeoLog 2001. The Geological Service reports . esp. Siberian climate section on the Lower Rhine . Geological Survey North Rhine-Westphalia - Landesbetrieb, Krefeld 2001 ( full text as PDF ).

Web links

Commons : Niederrheinischer Höhenzug  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Landscape profile 57401 Niederrheinische Heights. (No longer available online.) Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved July 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
2. ↑ Heine, 1983 (see literature)
3. ↑ Sieberts, 1983 (see literature)
4. ^ ^{A b} Karlheinz Kaiser, Rudolf Schütrumpf: On the structure of the Middle and Young Pleistocene strata in the Lower Rhine Bay . In: Ice Age & Present - Quaternary Science Journal . Vol. 11, No. 1 . DEUQUA - German Quaternary Association, Hanover 1960, p. 166–185 ( full text as PDF ). Full text as PDF ( Memento of the original from December 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
5. ↑ The Lower Rhine - A European Landscape. (PDF; 2.9 MB) Seminar report 2009. (No longer available online.) NaturFreunde Deutschlands, formerly in the original ; Retrieved July 3, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.    
6. ↑ ^{a b} Eckhard Speetzen: The foundling of Keppeln. (PDF; 151 kB) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved July 3, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.    
7. ↑ ^{a b c} landscape plan Gocher Heide. Kleve district, accessed July 3, 2012 . 
8. ↑ ^{a b c} Cultural landscape specialist article on state planning in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF; 7.6 MB) Section 6: Cultural Landscapes in North Rhine-Westphalia . Landschaftsverband Rheinland, accessed on July 3, 2012 . 
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Wilhelm von Kürten: Geographical land survey: The natural spatial units on sheet 95/96 Kleve / Wesel. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1977. →  Online map (PDF; 6.9 MB)
10. ^ ^{A b c d e f g h i} Karlheinz Paffen , Adolf Schüttler, Heinrich Müller-Miny: Geographical land survey: The natural spatial units on sheet 108/109 Düsseldorf / Erkelenz. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1963. →  Online map (PDF; 7.1 MB)
11. ↑ ^{a b} Educatief GIS portal (with topographic map 1: 25,000 and numerous historical maps)
12. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Topographical Information Management, Cologne District Government, Department GEObasis NRW ( information )
13. ↑ Location: The landscape. (No longer available online.) Heimat- und Verkehrsverein Sonsbeck, archived from the original on March 5, 2016 ; Retrieved July 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
14. ↑ Uedem landscape plan. Kleve district, accessed July 3, 2012 . 
15. ↑ ^{a b} Study on wind energy in the Kranenburg municipality. Kranenburg community, accessed on July 3, 2012 . 
16. ↑ ^{a b} The formation of the compression moraine through the land ice. (No longer available online.) Geopaden - Op de stuwwal bij Mook, archived from the original on December 27, 2015 ; Retrieved July 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
17. ^ Report on the possibility of a GEO park in the Reichswald. (PDF; 362 kB) Meeting of the Committee on Culture and Tourism. Kranenburg community, accessed on July 3, 2012 . 
18. ↑ Geology Stuwwal. Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, accessed July 3, 2012 . 
19. ↑ ^{a b} Height and location according to official maps according to TIM-online (Topographical Information Management of the North Rhine-Westphalian Land Surveying Office). Heights followed by "+" are based on contour lines only.
20. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Name, location and height according to the marking stone on site, see e.g. B. Photos by Ton Peters. Retrieved August 9, 2012 .  m or photos by Manfred Driever. Panoramio, accessed August 9, 2012 . 
21. ↑ Height according to the base map here only approx. 86 m
22. ↑ Height according to the basemap, given in other sources only as 99 m
23. ↑ Height according to the German basic map only 71.6 m
24. ↑ Height according to the base map only 57.5 m
25. ↑ Geology in the Hinsbeck area. Retrieved July 3, 2012 .