Kukulle
A kukulle (from Latin cucullus “bag”, from Celtic kūkka “summit”, in a figurative meaning “hood”) was originally a hooded cover similar to the Gugel , of different lengths, which was mainly in use in the High Middle Ages . Today Kukulle, also known as Kulle or Flocke , mainly refers to a part of the habit of certain religious orders . It is a pleated, floor-length overgarment with very wide sleeves that is worn by members of these communities, monks and nuns , to worship .
In the Eastern Churches, the koukoulion is a pointed or round headgear of high-ranking monks with two long infuln .
precursor
As early as the 1st century AD, the Romans were familiar with the cucullus , a hooded cloak with shoulder protection made of dark wool or leather that was closed or closed at the front and that was worn by the Celts as protection from the elements when traveling or hunting. The bards , however, wore much longer (probably round cut) hooded cloaks , which the Romans called bardocucullus or sagum cucullatum . They are also the characteristic garment of dwarf Celtic guardian spirits, the genii cucullati .
The Cucullus was adopted by the Roman legionaries in the form of the oval-cut paenula as weather protection. In addition, the Celts (and later also Teutons ) wore the Caracalla : a skirt with long sleeves , which was also often provided with a hood. This skirt was introduced by Marcus Aurelius Bassianus after his Germanic campaign in 213 in Rome, from which the emperor received his more famous nickname "Caracalla".
In Middle Latin , similar, open-front coats, sometimes with a detachable hood, were called capa , from which the current names cape , capot , cap and hood arose, as well as a chapel (after the soldier's cloak of St. Martin ).
Habit
The kukulle of the monastic religious communities is a wide, ankle-length upper garment with long, very wide sleeves that is thrown over. The cup is given to the order member for perpetual profession . It is worn to celebrate Holy Mass , at certain or all times of the day of the Liturgy of the Hours, or at meetings of the community in the chapter house . Depending on the color of the habit of the order, the kukulle is white ( Cistercians , Carthusians ) or black ( Benedictines ). The kukulle should not be confused with the choir cloak of some mendicant orders , which is given to the members of these communities when they are dressed .
Koukoulion
The Koukoulion ( Church Slavonic : Kukol ) is the traditional headgear of high-ranking members of monastic orders in Orthodox and Catholic Eastern Churches , especially the patriarchs .
Since the reforms of the Patriarch Nikon in the 17th century, both monks and nuns of the highest rank ( skhimonakh ) have worn a pointed, black hood over their cloak with two long infuln, which cover the neck and the chest, which rightly match the soft hoods of Western orders is similar. Usually, however, it is embroidered with crosses, six-winged seraphs , the tools of suffering , the text of the Trisagion or something similar. Lower-ranking monks, on the other hand, wear the stiff, flat top klobuk .
On the other hand, the Patriarchs of Moscow traditionally wear a white, stiff and round koukoulion, similar to a melon without a brim. On the top there is a symbolic representation of Mount Zion with a cross. The patriarch carries the koukoulion ex officio, regardless of whether he has actually received the highest ordinations or not. Likewise, the primates of certain other autocephalous Orthodox churches, such as B. the Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia, similar headgear.
literature
- Pointed cap. In: Ingrid Loschek : Reclams Mode and Costume Lexicon. 5th, updated and expanded edition. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-15-010577-3 .
- Dieter Philippi: Collection Philippi. Headgear in Faith, Religion and Spirituality. St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig 2009, ISBN 978-3-7462-2800-6 .
Web links
- August Mau : Cucullus . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume IV, 2, Stuttgart 1901, column 1739 f.