Land care
The land conservation as a science includes all actions for the protection, preservation, care, to develop and to restore nature and landscape with the objective of sound design of the human habitat . Including populated and unpopulated areas, this also includes habitats of plants and animals as well as the existing cultural heritage . The modes of action specifically pursue, as basic rules, the maintenance of performance, diversity and sustainable usability of nature and landscape as well as the opportunity for people to relax. Its sub-disciplines within the legal framework are nature conservation , landscape maintenance , landscape planning and green space and their associated areas of responsibility.
As a result of the investigation of ecological processes, the state administration uses examples of environmental impact assessment , intervention regulation , monitoring and open space design within the framework of the control and moderation of projects and planning processes.
history
The origins of the land management lie in the land beautification and the landscape park , further aspects were added with the protection of the homeland and nature. In the 1930s, land maintenance was institutionalized academically. The term “Landespflege” was first coined by Robert Mielke (1907) and later mainly by Erhard Mäding (1942). The Green Charter of Mainau , presented by Count Lennart Bernadotte, calls for the following contents presented in an excerpt in 1961 and thus formulates fundamental values for the nature of land management:
“[…]
IV. We know:
Technology and economy are also indispensable prerequisites for our life today. The natural foundations of technology and economy can neither be arbitrarily replaced nor multiplied at will. It is therefore necessary to jointly review the situation, plan and act in order to establish and secure the balance between technology, economy and nature
V. For the sake of mankind, building and securing a healthy residential and recreational landscape is agriculture - and industrial landscape indispensable:4. […]
5. increased measures to maintain and restore a healthy natural balance, in particular through soil, climate and water protection;
6. the conservation and sustainable use of existing natural or man-made green;
7. the prevention of avoidable interventions that damage the landscape, e.g. B. in settlement and industrial construction, in mining, hydraulic engineering and road construction;
8. The reparation of unavoidable interference, in particular the re-greening of unland;
9. [...] "
In order to achieve the goals of the “Green Charter of Mainau”, the German Council for Land Management was founded in 1962 by the then Federal President Dr. hc Heinrich Lübke installed. The council gives recommendations and gives expert opinions on fundamental problems and current projects of nature and environmental protection in the Federal Republic of Germany.
In 1964, Konrad Buchwald , Werner Lendholt and Ernst Preising determined the scope and task of the land maintenance:
“Land maintenance strives to secure a humane and at the same time natural environment, the balance between the natural potential of a land and the demands of society. Land maintenance serves the goal through order, protection, care and development of the residential, industrial, agricultural and recreational landscapes, through the preservation of the few remaining natural and primeval landscapes and through the natural management of the natural resources of a country. Land maintenance includes u. a. the work areas of nature conservation, landscape maintenance and green planning. "
Since the end of the 1960s, the term landscape planning has been used synonymously with the old name land maintenance and is used by some universities for corresponding courses of study, but until a few years ago the term land maintenance was predominant and as a generic term for landscape maintenance, landscape architecture, green planning, nature conservation and so on still common. Since the 1990s, the term landscape architecture has also been used in parallel to the maintenance of the land, among other things for international communication.
In order to distinguish it from sovereign land maintenance, the term open space planning was coined in the 1970s to designate plans that take users into account in their living environment.
education
A degree in land maintenance is only possible at a few university locations in Germany, such as Bernburg or Wiesbaden , some with expiring study regulations. Due to the wide range of applications, specializations such as landscape architecture , landscape planning , landscape and open space development or environmental monitoring / environmental analysis have developed at the universities . What these courses have in common is the learning of a healthy design of human living space in inhabited and uninhabited areas, as well as the preservation of existing cultural heritage and the cultural landscapes of the earth.
Graduates and Research
Research is mainly carried out in the fields of open space development and environmental monitoring in the field of land management. These are mostly located at the intersection of different scientific areas such as biology , geography , geology , meteorology and so on and thus require an interdisciplinary view. A survey by the University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, in which around 2000 graduates from 10 German universities of applied sciences took part, showed that only a very small proportion of the graduates are directly active in educational, research and advisory institutions and the media.
_nach_Wirtschaftszweigen.png)
literature
- Konrad Buchwald, Werner Lendholt, Ernst Preising: What is land care? In: garden and landscape. Volume 74, Issue 7, 1964, pp. 229-231.
- S. Körner: Theory and Methodology of Landscape Planning, Landscape Architecture and Social Science Open Space Planning from National Socialism to the Present . (= Landscape development and environmental research. No. 118). Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-7983-1870-0 .
- S. Körner, L. Trepl: Preserving through shaping. The history of land management as a development-oriented nature and homeland protection. Handbook for nature conservation and landscape management. 4. Subsequent delivery. Stuttgart 2001.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Description of the degree program Landespflege at the Dresden University of Technology and Economics
- ^ Meyers Lexikon online ( Memento from February 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Lexicon from www.umweltdatenbank.de
- ↑ Gerd Däumel: About the country beautification . Geisenheim 1961; Anke Schekahn: Agriculture and landscape planning . Kassel 1998.
- ^ Rolf Peter Sieferle : Enemies of Progress? Opposition to technology and industry from Romanticism to the present . Munich 1984; Ulrich Linse: Ökopax and anarchy . Munich 1986; Frank Lorberg: Metaphors and Metamorphoses of the Landscape. The role of models in land maintenance . Kassel 2007.
- ↑ Karsten Runge: The Development of Land Care in its Constitutional Phase 1935–1973 . Berlin 1998.
- ↑ Anke Schekahn: agriculture and landscape planning . Kassel 1998.
- ^ Ernst Mäding: The maintenance of the land . Berlin 1943.
- ^ Aims of the German Council for Land Care
- ↑ landespflege.de
- ↑ Karsten Runge: The Development of Land Care in its Constitutional Phase 1935–1973 . Berlin 1998.
- ↑ Stefan Körner: Training in landscape planning. In: Spectrum of landscape planning. Ed. Fachschaft Landespflege der TU Munich, Munich 1997, pp. 45–53.
- ↑ Land maintenance or landscape architecture? . Year 2000 in the online exhibition 100 years of landscape architecture from the bdla . Retrieved April 23, 2014.
- ↑ Especially at the universities of Hanover (Nohl, Gröning, Spitthöver) and Kassel (Hülbusch, Böse)
- ↑ Stefan Körner: Theory and methodology of landscape planning, landscape architecture and social-scientific open space planning from National Socialism to the present . Berlin 2001.
- ↑ Landscape architecture graduate survey 2005, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Wolfgang Ziegler and Cornelia Mitschke