Legion of Super Heroes

Logo variant of the LoSH

Legion of Super-Heroes (Eng. "Legion of Superheroes"), often abbreviated as LoSH , is part of the fictional DC universe . It is an association of young people from the 30./31. Century, which together and with the use of their powers received either by the peculiarities of their home planets or by special occurrences avert damage to the community of the United Planets . The stories mix the elements of superhero comics with elements of science fiction. Later elements of high school drama expanded the series.

The Legion's first adventure was in Adventure Comics # 247 (April 1958), author was Otto Binder, draftsman Al Pastino. Adventure Comics is one of the longest-serving titles with the stories about Superman, but it sold poorly at the time. The aim was to draw more attention to the series with new characters and so the Legion of Super-Heroes was born under the direction of editor Mort Weisinger (Gold, M., 1991). The creatives involved in the stories read like a who's who of the time: Otto Binder , Al Pastino , Georg Papp , Jim Mooney , John Fort , Curt Swan , Sheldon Moldoff , George Klein .

The Legion first experienced its adventures in the series Adventure Comics , Action Comics and Superboy , and it was only when the series Superboy was rededicated in Superboy starring the Legion of Super-Heroes in 1979 that it received its first own issue.

While in the USA the LoSH was almost euphoric by the public, it eked out a subordinate role in German publications ( MV Comix , Superman and Batman , Superman Superband , Superman Taschenbuch , etc.) for a long time and only received its own series in 2012, the one with Issue 4 was also discontinued in July 2013.

Release dates

1950s and 1960s

Author Otto Binder and illustrator Al Plastino first introduced the Legion of Super-Heroes as guest characters in a story about the teenage superhero Superboy (the teenage version of Superman ), which appeared in the August 1958 comic book Adventure Comics # 247.

This story, about how the Legion members Lightning Boy (later Lightning Lad), Saturn Girl and Cosmic Boy from the 30th century travel to the present day of the 20th century to meet their great idol Superboy came across the Adventure Comics readers received an extremely positive response, so that in 1959 DC commissioned Binder and Plastino to write another story about a meeting between Superboy and the superheroes from the future. Since the Legion's second guest appearance in a story of the Superboy series in Adventure Comics (namely in Adventure Comics # 267 from December 1959) drew enthusiastic letters to the editor, the editorial team responsible for the Superman / Superboy stories at DC Comics decided to let the "legionnaires" appear more frequently in the adventures of Superman and Superboy. As a result, the characters appeared at ever shorter intervals in Superman and Superboy stories in the series Action Comics and Adventure Comics .

After the popularity of the concept had proven to be sufficiently constant, the Legion of Super-Heroes was expanded into an independent series within the series with issue # 300 of Adventure Comics . The Adventure Comics , a comic anthology in which each issue stories several different series were presented side by side, after nearly twenty years was the journalistic home of the Legion long. During the 1960s, however, the Legion remained only one of several more or less equally important features in the adventure comics . In practice, this meant that, for example, a third of the page portion of each issue was filled with a story about the Legion, while the remaining two thirds were filled with stories about other characters such as Zatara the Magician or Superboy (in solo adventures without the Legion) were.

Most of the Legion stories in the adventure comics of the 1960s came from the pen of Binder himself and the writers Jerry Siegel (along with Joe Shuster the inventor of Superman), Edmond Hamilton and John Forte . In 1966, Jim Shooter , then only fourteen, joined the series' writers. The minor's engagement came after he had submitted four scripts for Legion stories in the mail, which were found to be good by the editorial staff and converted into finished comic pictures by the illustrator Curt Swan and then printed in Adventure Comics # 346 to # 349 - Without it having occurred to anyone that the author of these stories could not be an adult. After this fact was discovered, Shooter was discontinued as the regular writer of the Legion of Super Heroes stories despite his minor age. Other cartoonists who worked on the Legion comics in the 1960s were George Papp , Jim Mooney , Win Mortimer and George Klein .

With Adventure Comics # 380 of May 1969, the LoSH stories in Adventure Comics were replaced with stories about Superman's cousin Supergirl . From the following month, June 1969, LoSH's adventures appeared in the Action Comics series , starting with Action Comics # 377. In this series, however, the LoSH stories only stayed a year and a half until Action Comics # 392 of September 1970. Then they returned to Adventure Comics .

1970s and 1980s

In the 1970s, the Legion Stories were penned by authors such as E. Nelson Bridwell , Cary Bates , Jerry Conway, and George Tuska Legion Stories. A prominent draftsman of the time was Dave Cockrum , who took over the drafting job with Superboy # 188 from July 1972. Two years later in August 1974 with Superboy # 204 Mike Grell followed Cockrum as a draftsman for the Legion.

With issue # 197 of August 1973, Superboy was renamed Superboy starring the Legion of Super-Heroes . With issue # 259 from January 1980, Superboy was completely removed from the title so that the series was only called Legion of Super-Heroes . With issue # 284, Paul Levitz took over the job of the series' writer. Pat Broderick and Bruce D. Patterson acted as draftsmen at this time .

The magazines were always available in the "Giant" format (e.g. # 205, # 208, # 231). In addition to current stories, the booklets also had reprints and thus had more pages than the normal booklets. The drawings were taken care of at the time by James Sherman (assisted by Indian ink artists Bob McLeod and Jack Abel ), Joe Staton and Jim Starlin . At the same time, the LoSH spring-off series Karate Kid was started, which told some of the solo adventures of LoSH member Karated Kid and which reached a total of fifteen editions.

Levitz's run on the series culminated in the death of the Invisible Kid (Superboy Starring the LoSH # 203) and the wedding of Bouncing Boy and Duo Damsel (Triplicate Girl's new name after the death of one of their bodies; Superboy Starring the LoSH # 200 in German in the MV Comix series).

After the end of Levitz Run, Keith Giffen took over the writing duties for the Legion comics. Larry Malstest was assigned to him as a draftsman . Other authors who worked on the series in the following years were Steve Lightle (1984–1985) and Greg LaRocque (1986–1987).

In August 1984 a new Legion series was started under the title Legion of Super-Heroes (Volume 3). This appeared on a monthly basis until August 1989 and reached 63 issues. There were also three as Legion of Super-Heroes Annual titled special issues in the years 1982, 1983 and 1984. The old Legion series was (Volume 2) - while retaining their old numbers - under the title Tales of the Legion of Super-Heroes yet continued until December 1987, before it was finally discontinued with issue # 354.

These two series ( Legion of Super-Heroes and Tales of the Legion of Super-Heroes ) were also supplemented by several self-contained, so-called mini-series that appear in addition to the regular series, which more precisely describe individual characters from the Legion's repertoire of characters took the focus. The miniseries Legionnaires 3 appeared from February to May 1986 and the miniseries Cosmic Boy from December 1986 to March 1987 .

1990s to 2011

As early as November 1989 there was a third restart of the Legion Comics. The new series, Legion of Super-Heroes (Volume 4), appeared from then on every month until March 2000 and reached one hundred and twenty-seven issues. Since the September 1994 issue as Legion of Super-Heroes # 0 (part of the comic event Zero Hour: Crisis in Time ) and the November 1998 issue as Legion of Super-Heroes # 1,000,000 (part of the DC One Million ), the following issues were each reported with a booklet number that was one or, from December 1998, two counters lower than the actual number of issues: issue # 62 appeared as # 0, issue # 63 as # 62, # 111 appeared as # 1,000,000, # 112 as # 110, and so on up to Issue # 127, which was numbered # 125. In addition, there were six special issues titled Legion of Super-Heroes Annual # 1-6 in the years 1989 to 1995 and two special issues titled Legion of Super-Heroes Secret Files # 1-2 in 1998 and 1999.

From April 1993 to March 2000, the spin-off series Legionnaires was also released . This reached 83 issues, numbered # 1-18, # 0 (September 1994), # 19-64, # 1,000,000 (November 1998), and # 66-81. These series were flanked by a number of special publications: the four-part miniseries Inferno , the four-part miniseries Timber Wolf and the four-part miniseries Legion: Science Police (August to November 1998).

The first author of the Legion series, which was restarted in 1989, was again Keith Giffen, who wrote the plots for the plot of the stories, which were then converted into finished scripts by Tom and Mary Bierbaum . Al Gordon did the inking of Giffen's pencil drawings . After Giffen's departure as a draftsman in 1994, the Briton Barry Kitson took over this task.

From 2000 to 2001, DC released the twelve-part maxi series Legion Lost , which describes the wanderings of the Legion through the vastness of the universe after the main characters of the series ended up in an unknown region of the cosmos at the end of LoSH # 125. The British Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning acted as authors . Between June and November 2001, the six-part miniseries Legion Worlds , also written by Lanning and Abnett, was followed up and describes the events that have happened on the legionnaires' home planets in the meantime. Upon completion of this second miniseries, a new ongoing monthly LoSH series was started which was briefly titled The Legion . This series was also written by Abnett and Lanning and had thirty-eight editions.

In 2005, the concept of the Legion of Super-Heroes was revised again. Following the One Shot Teen Titans / Legion Special written by Mark Waid and Geoff Johns , a new series was started, Legion of Super-Heroes (Volume 5). Waid took over the writing job again. Issues # 16-36 of the series have been renamed Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes . The series ends in February 2009 with # 50. In summer 2010, the series started again with a # 1 (Volume 6).

Reboot the DC Universe

With the restart of the DC comic series at the end of 2011 ( The New 52 ), the Legion of Super-Heroes also started with a # 1 (Volume 7), while "Legion Lost" started at the same time. In this series, a handful of Legion members experience modern day adventures. A few months later, Legion Secret Origin started a mini-series limited to 6 issues. All three series have ended, Legion Lost with the number 17, Legion of Super-Heroes with the number 23. Since January 2014 there is no Legion of Super-Heroes series.

characters

Members of the Legion of Super Heroes

The list is not exhaustive due to the large and changing number of different members.

• Andromeda : Andromeda, aka Laurel Gand, comes from the planet Daxam. It appears for the first time in Legion of Super-Heroes (Vol. 4) # 66 from March 1995. They had the same powers as Superman; unlike him, however, their weakness is not kryptonite , but lead .
• Black Witch : See White Witch .
• Bouncing Boy : Bouncing Boy, also known as Chuck Taine can puff up his body to an extremely resilient ball and then like a rubber ball bounce. Originally from Earth , it is introduced to Legion Comics in Action Comics # 276, May 1961.
• Brainiac 5 : Brainiac 5, aka Querl Dox, is gifted with a twelfth degree intellect. He is from the planet Colu and is inducted into the Legion in Action Comics # 276 of May 1961.
• Chameleon Boy : Chameleon Boy, aka Reep Daggle, has the ability to change his outward appearance based on his thoughts ( shapeshifter ). He comes from a planet called Durla and first appears in Action Comics # 267 from August 1960.
• Chameleon Girl : Chameleon Girl, aka Yera Allon, is a shapeshifter from the planet Durla. She first appears in disguise in LoSH (Vol. 2) # 287 from May 1982. Her true identity is revealed in LoSH # 305, November 1983.
• Chemical King : Condo Arlik can control chemical reactions.
• Colossal Boy : Colossal Boy, aka Gim Allon, can grow his body to the size of a giant. Originally from Earth , he was introduced to the series in Action Comics # 267, published in August 1960.
• Cosmic Boy : Cosmic Boy, aka Rokk Krinn, has the ability to use his will to generate magnetic fields and manipulate magnetic particles. It comes from a planet called Braal. It was first featured in Adventure Comics # 247 in April 1958.
• Dream Girl : Dream Girl, aka Nura Nal, is a girl who can look into the future for short periods of time. It comes from a planet called Naltor and was introduced to the Legion of Super-Heroes stories in Adventure Comics # 317 of February 1964.
• Element Lad : Element Lad, aka Jan Arrah, has the ability to transform objects by manipulating the structure of their elements at the molecular level. Hailing from a planet called Trom, it is introduced to Legion Comics in Adventure Comics # 307, April 1963.
• Emerald Dragon : See Ultra Boy .
• Ferro Lad : Ferro Lad, aka Andrew Nolan, is a boy who can turn into iron. Ferro Lad first appears in Adventure Comics # 346 from July 1966. His home planet is the earth. He dies in Adventure Comics # 353 from February 1967 in the destruction of a sun-eating space monster named Sun-Eater.
• Inferno : Inferno, Sandy Anderson, is from Earth. It was first introduced in Legion of Super-Heroes (Vol. 4) # 64 from January 1995. It can generate heat and light phenomena.
• Invisible Kid : Invisible Kid, aka Lyle Norg, has a knack for making himself invisible. Originally from Earth , he was introduced to the series in Action Comics # 267, published in August 1960. In Superboy and the Legion of Super-Heroes # 203 from July – August 1974, he is killed by the monstrous Validus.
• Karate Kid : Karate Kid, aka Val Armorr, comes from the planet Omega Colony. He is a master in various martial arts and was first featured in Legionnaires # 60 of May 1998.
• Kid Quantum : Kid Quantum, aka James Cullen, is able to generate static fields from its body (in some versions with the help of a belt). He comes from a planet called Antares and was first introduced to the series in Legion of Super-Heroes (Vol. 4) # 33 from September 1992. In Legionnaires # 12 of March 1994, he joined the Batch SW6 / New Earth team.
• Kid Quantum II : Kid Quantum II, aka Jazmin Cullen, comes from the planet Xanthu. It can create stasis fields. It was first introduced in Legion of Super-Heroes (Vol. 4) # 82 from July 1996. She joined the Legion in Legionnaires # 60 of May 1998.
• Light Lass : Light Lass (Pulse), aka Ayla Ranzz, has the ability to manipulate electricity. She is from the planet Winath and is introduced to the series in Adventure Comics # 308 of May 1963.
• Lightning Lad : Lightning Lad (Lightning Boy), alias Garth Ranzz, is a boy who has the ability to generate and control electrical fields. It was first featured in Adventure Comics # 247 in April 1958. His home planet is a world called Winath.
• Live Wire : Live Wire, aka Garth Ranzz, has the ability to manipulate electricity, control and generate electrical fields. He comes from a world called Winath.
• Magnetic Kid : Magnetic Kid, aka Pol Krinn, can generate and control magnetic fields. Hailing from a planet called Braal, he made his debut in Adventure Comics # 335 in August 1965.
• Matter-Eater Lad : Matter-Eater Lad, aka Tenzil Kem, is capable of devouring any form of matter. He came from a planet called Bismoll and first appeared in Adventure Comics # 301 from October 1962.
• ' Lar Gand : Lar Gand, aka Mon El, Prince of Daxam, is descended from the planet Daxam, a sister planet of Krypton. The yellow earth sun has a similar effect on him as that on Kryptonians; Mon El can jump extremely high and far, and just like Superman he is invulnerable, but his weakness is not kryptonite , but lead . It was first introduced in its modern version in Legionnaires # 37 from June 1996.
• Monstress : Monstress, aka Candi Pyponte-Le Parc III, comes from the planet Xanthu. She has super strength and was first featured in Legion of Super-Heroes (Vol. 4) # 82 of July 1996. She became a member of the Legion in Legionnaires # 50 from July 1997. In Legion Lost # 11 from March 2001, she was killed by Element Lad.
• Phantom Girl : Phantom Girl (Phase), aka Tinya Wazzo, is a girl who has the ability to temporarily transform herself into an untouchable Phantom. It comes from a planet called Bgztl and first appeared in Action Comics # 276 from May 1961. Phantom Girl later changes her name to Phase and joins the LEGION organization . In LEGION '94 # 70 from September 1994, Phantom Girl and Phase are split into two different characters, whose identical appearance is explained by the fact that they come from parallel worlds.
• Phase : See Phantom Girl .
• Polar Boy : Polar Boy, aka Brek Bannin, is able to absorb heat from living beings and objects and thus generate cold. He made his debut in Adventure Comics # 306 in March 1963 and comes from a planet called Tharr.
• Quislet : Quislet is an energy being with the ability to give life to inanimate objects. He comes from a world called Teall.
• Saturn Girl : Saturn Girl, aka Imra Ardeen, is a young telepath with the ability to read and control other people's thoughts. It comes from Titan, the largest moon on the planet Saturn, and was first featured in Adventure Comics # 247 in April 1958.
• Sensor : Sensor, aka Jeka Wynzorr, comes from the planet Orando. She has the ability to create illusions and is a telepath. Sensor is the post- crisis counterpart to Princess Projectra / Sensor Girl and was first presented in Legionnaires # 43 from December 1996.
• Shadow Lass : See umber .
• Spark : Ayla Ranzz from the planet Winath can generate lightning.
• Star Boy : Star Boy, aka Thom Kallor, can increase the mass of objects by virtue of his will. He was born from a planet called Xanthu.
• Sun Boy : Sun Boy, aka Dirk Morgna, has the ability to generate heat and light from his body. Originally from Earth, it appeared in Action Comics # 276 in May 1961. In Legion of Super-Heroes (Vol. 4) # 36 from November 1992, Sun Boy is killed by the magician Circe.
• Superboy : See main article Superboy .
• Supergirl : See main article Supergirl .
• Tellus : Tellus, aka Ganglios, is a telepath and telekineticist. He comes from a world called Hyrakius.
• Thunder : Thunder, aka CeCe Beck, comes from the planet Binderaa. She has super strength, wisdom, invulnerability, the ability to fly and heightened powers of perception. It was first introduced in The Power of Shazam! Annual # 1 of 1996 presented.
• Timber Wolf : Brin Londo has super strength, super agility and the senses of a werewolf .
• Triplicate Girl : Triplicate Girl, aka Luornu Durgo, has the ability to "split up" into three different people, so that she belongs to the Legion as three different girls at the same time. It is from the planet Cargg and is introduced to Legion Comics in Action Comics # 276 of May 1961. One of her three selves is murdered by the evil computer Computo in Adventure Comics # 340 from January 1966. In Legion of Super-Heroes (Vo. 3) # 50 from September 1988, a second Triplicate Girls self is killed by the Time Trapper. That second death is later invalidated and withdrawn in a 1993 story.
• Ultra Boy : Ultra Boy (later Emerald Dragon), alias Jo Nah, has super strength, super speed, flight, invulnerability and penetra gaze, but can only use one of his skills at a time. Hailing from a planet called Rimbor, he first appeared in Superboy # 98 in a Legion comic from July 1962.
• Umbra : Tasmia Mallor comes from a planet called Talok VIII. She has the ability to cast shadows. It was first featured in Legionnaires # 43 of December 1996.
• Valor : See M'Onel .
• White Witch : White Witch or Black Witch, aka Mysa Nal, comes from a world called Naltor. She made her debut in Adventure Comics # 350 on November 1966.
• Xs : Xs, aka Jenni Ognats, is the granddaughter of the first Flash Barry Allen and the cousin of Bart Allen , aka Kid Flash, and was born in the 31st century.

opponent

• Dominators : The Dominators are a race of alien dictators.
• Fatal Five : The Fatal Five are a group of five criminals dating back to the 30th century (Members: Emerald Empress , Tharok , Mano , The Persuader, and Validus ).
• Khunds : The Khunds are a warlike alien race with whom the Legion clashes several times.
• Mordru : Mordru is a wizard dedicated to the goal of conquering the universe.

action

Original version

Essentially, the Legion appears in the Superboy comics to support the teenage Superman or to let him help them in their own time.

Modern version

After nearly thirty-six years of publishing history, DC Comics decided in 1994 to restart the Legion of Super-Heroes. Following the issue of LoSH # 61, the original story of the Legion was described again in LoSH # 0, whereby it differed significantly from that of the original. The following issues - from LoSH # 62 - only followed up on LoSH # 0, but ignored the stories of the previous decades in order to give new readers an easier start (free from the story and continuity ballast of more than thirty years).

In other media

Legion of Super Heroes

From 2006 to 2008, an animated series based on the comics was broadcast in the United States under the title Legion of Super Heroes , which comprised a total of 26 episodes.

Smallville

In the eighth season of the series Smallville , the Legion meets the youthful Clark Kent when he is attacked and injured by the Persuader, an ax-wielding giant from the 31st century. Three members of the Legion (Cosmic Boy, Lightning Lad and Saturn Girl) help defeat the Persuader. They also support Clark in capturing Brainiac in a ball that they take with them into the future. Clark is given a ring with which he can travel in time, especially into the future; he is also being taught that he will become a superhero who will cause humanity to welcome aliens to earth.

Reprints

In the 1990s, DC-Comics began to reprint the old stories about the Legion of Super-Heroes - only available on the collector's market at extremely high prices - in anthologies, with first editions of these volumes being sought after again.

So far, 13 hardcover volumes with dust jackets have been published under the title Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , so that almost all stories from the 1950s and 1960s are now available. The volumes only contain the stories with the Legion of Super-Heroes from the individual issues mentioned.

• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 1 (contains Adventure Comics # 247, 267, 282, 290, 293, 300–305; Action Comics # 267, 276, 287, 289; Superboy # 86, 89, 98; Superman # 147 ; Superman Annual # 4)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 2 (contains Adventure Comics # 306-317; Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 72)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 3 (contains Adventure Comics # 318–328; Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 76; Superboy # 117)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Vol. 4 (contains Adventure Comics # 329–339; Superboy # 124–125)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 5 ( Adventure Comics # 340–349)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 6 ( Adventure Comics # 350–358)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 7 ( Adventure Comics # 359-367; Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 106)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archived , Volume 8 (contains Adventure Comics # 368-376; Superboy # 147)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 9 (contains Adventure Comics # 377-380; Action Comics # 378-387, # 389-392)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 10 (contains Superboy # 172, 173, 176, 183, 184, 188, 190, 191, 193, 195, 197-202; Adventure Comics # 403)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 11 (contains: Superboy # 203–212; Amazing World of DC Comics # 9)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 12 (contains: Superboy # 213–223; Karate Kid # 1)
• Legion of Super-Heroes Archives , Volume 13 (contains: Superboy # 224-233)
• Superboy and the Legion of Super-Heroes Vol. 1 (continues the series " Legion of Super-Heroes Archives ", contains: Superboy # 234-240, Superboy and The Legion of Super-Heroes DC Treasury Edition C # 55, DC Super -Stars # 17)
• Superboy and the Legion of Super-Heroes Vol. 2 (contains Superboy # 241-258, DC Comics Presents # 13-14)

The series " Legion of Super Heroes: The Silver Age Omnibus " republishes the first stories and contains the material of the series " Legion of Super-Heroes Archives "

• Legion of Super Heroes: The Silver Age Omnibus Vol 1 (contains ADVENTURE COMICS # 247, # 267, # 282, # 290, # 293, # 300-328; ACTION COMICS # 267, # 276, # 287, # 289; SUPERMAN # 147; SUPERMAN ANNUAL # 4, SUPERMAN'S PAL JIMMY OLSEN # 72, # 76; SUPERBOY # 86, # 89, # 98, # 117)
• Legion of Super Heroes: The Silver Age Omnibus Vol 2 (contains Adventure Comics # 329-360, Superboy # 124-125.)

Publication in German

Although the Legion of Superheroes did not have their own series (and with four numbers also very short) in German until very late, comics were regularly published as part of other series. Editions of Legion of Super-Heroes (Vol.2) came from Ehapa-Verlag in the 1980s BC. a. in the series Superboy for reprint. In addition, the Legion of Super-Heroes (Vol.2) Annual # 1 could be read in Superman Superband # 21 . From the third series of the LoSH only one issue was published (in Der neue Superman # 4/1988).

It was not until Panini Verlag that its own Legion volumes were printed, including an archive volume ( Legion Klassik Monster Edition ) and a volume with comics from the The Legion series ( Legion Monster Edition ). From 2012 the same publisher published a series of four anthologies under the title Legion of Super-Heroes .

Web links

• Entry on the Legion of Superheroes in the DCPedia
• Portrait - Legion of superheroes at Splashcomics

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Legion of Super-Heroes (TV series). wunschliste.de, accessed on September 16, 2016 (German). 
2. ↑ http://www.parnass.scram.de/comicdetail.php?nr=1801 , January 1, 2011
3. ↑ http://www.parnass.scram.de/comicdetail.php?nr=1676 , January 1, 2011
4. ↑ Comic Guide: Legion of Super-Heroes. comicguide.de, accessed on September 16, 2016 (German).