Leucanthemum maximum

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Leucanthemum maximum
Margarita común (Leucanthemum maximum) - Flickr - Alejandro Bayer.jpg

Leucanthemum maximum

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Genre : Daisies ( Leucanthemum )
Type : Leucanthemum maximum
Scientific name
Leucanthemum maximum
( Ramond ) DC.

Leucanthemum maximum , known in German as garden marguerite or Pyrenees marguerite, is a species from the daisy family .

A distinction is made between a Leucanthemum maximum in the narrower sense, which occurs wild in the Pyrenees and in the Cantabrian Mountains , in Spain and France, and a collective species Leucanthemum maximum in the broader sense, which also includes plants from the southern French mountains, the Alpine region, east to Hungary and the Tatras , belong. Various garden species, mostly of hybrid origin, are also often grouped under this name.

description

As a wild plant, Leucanthemum maximum in the narrower sense is a perennial herbaceous perennial with creeping and woody rhizomes. The stems are single, they are upright and mostly unbranched, each with a flower head , more rarely branched in the upper half and then two to four heads. It reaches a height of (25–) 35 to 70 (–90) centimeters. The stem is grooved lengthways and glabrous; with the exception of the section immediately below the flower heads, it has relatively even leaves. The plant forms a basal rosette of leaves, which, however, has already dried up by the flowering period. The slightly thickened green leaves are located above, the basal leaves and the lowest stem leaves are short-stalked. Their blade is eilanzettlich to ob-eilanzettlich, the leaf margin is serrate to notched-serrate or roughly serrated, clearly narrowed wedge-shaped towards the base or the winged petiole, also basal mostly short serrated. The flower heads, which are strikingly large compared to other daisy clans, reach (3.5–) 4.5 to 7 (–8) centimeters in diameter. The flower head is surrounded by four to five rows dachiger green, membranous, often light brown, bordered deterministic bracts . As is typical for daisy species, a wreath of 20 to 30 white-colored ray- florets surrounds a center of many densely packed yellow tubular disc florets, these are about 3.5 to 4.5 millimeters long. Flowering time in Central Europe is from May to October.

In Central Europe, plants assigned to the species occur only as a cultivated form and in the wild. Plants from the Alpine region and neighboring southern Germany, known as mountain daisies, are assigned to the small species Leucanthemum adustum (Koch) Gremli, from the Leucanthemum maximum species complex. The small species from the Leucanthemum maximum species complex are morphologically diverse, the differentiation of the species is difficult and disputed between different authors. The species complex can be distinguished from the other clans Leucanthemum vulgare and Leucanthemum ircutianum occurring in Central Europe , especially in the shape of the central stem leaves. These are not broadest in the front third, but in the lower half or near the middle. The basal leaf teeth are not closer to the leaf base and longer (no "ears"), but are evenly distributed.

Leucanthemum maximum is a polyploid clan with a chromosome number of 2n = 12x = 108. This also applies to the overgrown central European garden plants. The wild species of southern Germany from the species aggregate (mountain marguerite) reach 2n = 6x = 54.

distribution

Leucanthemum maximum grows wild in the north of the Pyrenees and on the northern slopes of the Cantabrian Mountains , from the French Ariège department in the west to the Picos de Europa in Spain in the east. The location is meadows and scree slopes as well as the undergrowth of light forests. In the east of the area it occurs primarily in the montane altitude level, to the west increasingly in the subalpine to alpine level, mainly between 450 and 1000 meters above sea level.

The species can be found feral as a neophyte in many parts of the world with a temperate climate . In Canada , the species has recently expanded its range, especially in the west, and is widespread in the south, but sporadically to the north as far as the Yukon Territory . The species is viewed regionally as a threat to biodiversity, is also considered a weed in pastureland in some regions, and has been listed as an undesirable invasive species in some provinces.

Use as a garden plant

Leucanthemum maximum has long been popular as an ornamental plant and is the stem form of cultivated garden daisies. It is used as a border shrub, often in seed mixtures for " flower meadows ". The garden forms include hard-to-distinguish hybrid genes such as Leucanthemum × superbum ( Leucanthemum maximum  × Leucanthemum lacustre ). The varieties include '' Schwabengruß '(with half-double flowers),' Suchurka '(double flowers with fringed rays),' Beethoven '(with particularly large flower heads).

This species is one of the wildflowers that Luther Burbank crossed to produce the garden hybrid, which is very popular in North America in particular, and is offered as the Shasta daisy .

Web links

Commons : Leucanthemum maximum  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Robert Vogt: The genus Leucanthemum Mill. (Compositae - Anthemideae) on the Iberian Peninsula. In: Ruizia. 10, 1991, 1-265, Chrysanthemum maximum at pp. 201-208.
  2. ^ Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 6: Valerianaceae to Asteraceae , Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3343-1 , 29th genus Leucanthemum p. 160 ff.
  3. ↑ a b G.Wagenitz: To determine the Leucanthemum species in Central Europe north of the Alps. In: Göttingen floristic circulars. 10, 1976, 80-85.
  4. ↑ Haimei Chen, Mei Jiang, Wang Liqiang, Jinwen You, Chang Liu: Complete Plastome of Leucanthemum maximum, the first in genus Leucanthemum. In: Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, 5: 1, 2019, 19-20, doi: 10.1080 / 23802359.2019.1693922 .
  5. ↑ David R. Clements, Dan E. Cole, Stephen Darbyshire, Jane King, Alec McClay: The biology of Canadian weeds. 128. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. In: Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 84 (1), 2004, 343-363.
  6. ↑ Eckehard Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants , Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
  7. ^ Jepson Manual Treatment
  8. ↑ Chicago Botanic Garden. Chicago Botanic Garden evaluates Shasta daisy . Press release. January 15, 2007.