Rough meadow marguerite
| Rough meadow marguerite | ||||||||||||
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Meadow marguerite ( Leucanthemum vulgare agg.), |
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| Leucanthemum vulgare | ||||||||||||
| Lam. |
The Leucanthemum vulgare ( leucanthemum vulgare ) is a type of genre of daisies in the family of Korbblütengewächse (Asteraceae). Together with several other similar species, such as Leucanthemum ircutianum, it forms the species group of meadow daisies ( Leucanthemum vulgare agg.)
description
The meadow marguerite is a perennial , herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 60 centimeters. Their angular stem is upright and mostly unbranched. The spatulate leaves are arranged alternately. The lower leaves are usually roughly toothed, the upper leaves less strong.
The cup-shaped flowers of the daisy have a diameter of four to six centimeters and give off an unpleasant odor, especially when they wilt, they stand individually at the end of the stems. The lanceolate bracts are usually bare with black-brown edges. The cup-shaped inflorescence can also be referred to as a flower , in botany it means the pollination-biological unit of the flowering plants . The whole cup-shaped inflorescence serves to attract pollinating insects, while the white ray florets serve as visual organs and only the tubular florets are fertile. The pure white ray- florets are 6 millimeters wide; the tubular flowers , on the other hand, are golden yellow. The flowers appear from May to September. Ten-ribbed achenes are formed that are about 4 millimeters long.
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The number of chromosomes for Leucanthemum vulgare in the narrower sense is 2n = 18, that of the meadow daisy ( Leucanthemum ircutianum ) is 2n = 36.
ecology
The meadow daisy is a perennial, deep-rooted hemicryptophyte that can develop turf over time.
The high-contrast inflorescence of the "cup flower type" consists of 20–25 white, female ray-florets and 300–400 golden yellow, hermaphrodite tubular flowers; so he is gynomonic. It serves as a show organ for flower visitors such as wild bees , wasps , flies , beetles and butterflies . But spontaneous self-pollination can also take place.
The fruits are achenes with a remaining crown residue. They spread as wind and animal spreaders; But there is also water adhesion and chance spreading by ungulates . The fruit ripens from September to October.
toxicology
The meadow daisy is not poisonous, but almost all parts of the plant can cause contact allergies if they come into contact with the skin . It is certainly involved in airborne contact dermatitis ; this is particularly indicated by their phototoxic effect, which is caused by polyacetylenes .
Occurrence
Meadow daisies as a group of species are widespread across Europe. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland this group of species is very common everywhere.
The poor meadow marguerite in the narrower sense grows predominantly on low-nitrogen, sunny to partially shaded, fresh to semi-dry meadows, pastures and ruderal locations. She is a species of the Mesobromion Association.
Systematics
The systematic relationships within the genus Leucanthemum are the subject of current molecular systematic research. The earlier Leucanthemum vulgare and Leucanthemum atratum aggregates can probably not be kept. North Africa can be assumed to be the origin of the genus with relative certainty. Overall, the genus Leucanthemum presents itself as a monophyletic group that is systematically difficult to classify due to the frequent polyploidization events in the course of its evolution.
Man and marguerite
Marguerites are also popular ornamental plants . They are used as garden or container plants and sold as cut flowers . At the beginning of the 20th century, the daisies formed the theme of the daisy days , on which all streets were festively decorated with daisies and artificial flowers in the form of daisies were sold for charitable purposes.
Common names
For the species group of meadow daisies, the other common German-language names exist or existed : Große Chatzabluoma ( St. Gallen in the Rhine Valley), Dickkopp ( Altmark ), Doderblum ( Middle High German ), goose flowers, goose flowers ( Memmingen ), gaons flowers ( Augsburg ), Gehonnesbleamen ( Transylvania near Schäßburg ), Gehonnesgirkel (Transylvania near Seiburg ), Geissblumen ( Schaffhausen ), Geisselblum ( Zurich ), Girkelblommen (Transylvania near Jacobsdorf), Gasbluoma (St. Gallen near Werdenberg ), Goseblomen, Hunneblome ( Bremen ), Jehonnesbleamen (Transylvania) , Jehonnesgirkel (Transylvania near Seiburg), St. Johanesbluoma (St. Gallen), St. Johaneskraut, St. Johannesblumen ( Mainz , Prussia ), Johannisblume ( Graubünden , Lauban , Thuringia , Eifel ), Grossi Käsbluoma (St. Gallen near Werdenberg) , Käseblume, Kalbsaugen ( Metz , Trier , Speyer ), Kranzblume (Eifel), Krispel ( Old High German ), Küdille, Kuhtill (Middle High German), Welschi Mannablüamli (St. Gallen near Obertoggenbu rg ), Große Margritli ( Bern ), Massliebe ( Württemberg ), Mattblume, Großi MONTH BLUOMA (St. Gallen near Untertoggenburg ), ox eye (Middle High German), St. Petersblum ( Austria ), press collar ( Mecklenburg ), cattle eye, cattle flower, solstice flower ( Carinthia ), dead flower (Middle High German), Uissenaugen (Transylvania), wagon flower (Austria), usury flower and zantihansen ( Emmental ).
literature
- Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
- Dankwart Seidel: Flowers. Determine accurately with the 3-check. 2nd, revised edition. blv, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 2001, ISBN 3-405-15766-8 .
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
- Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Poisonous plants plant poisons. 4th edition. ecomed, Landsberg / Lech 1994, ISBN 3-609-64810-4 .
- BM Hausen, IK Vieluf: Allergy Plants. Manual and atlas. 2., through and exp. Edition. ecomed, Landsberg / Lech 1997, ISBN 3-609-64082-0 .
Web links
- Leucanthemum ircutianum DC., Meadow marguerite. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Leucanthemum vulgare agg., Meadow marguerite (species group). In: FloraWeb.de.
- Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. s. st., early daisy. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Leucanthemum vulgare aggr. auct. helv. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved May 13, 2016.
- Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved May 13, 2016.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 940 .
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 94 f. (on-line)