List of the coronations of the kings of Jerusalem
The list of the coronations of the kings of Jerusalem includes all the first coronations and anointings of the kings of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from its establishment after the First Crusade in 1099 to its end in 1291.
Coronation place
The first ruler of the Crusader state, Godfrey of Bouillon , renounced the acceptance of the title of king and settled for the dignity of the "Defender of the Holy Sepulcher" ( Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri ). This was the basis of a dispute between the secular and spiritual crusade leaders, after which the question arose as to whether a secular ruler could rule over the holy city of Jerusalem at all. When Baldwin I claimed the kingship as his brother's successor, the question was still open and Patriarch Daimbert refused to crown him in the place where Jesus Christ walked under the crown of thorns . So initially the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem served as the place of coronation. It was only under Baldwin II that the question of rule over Jerusalem was clarified in favor of kingship, so that the subsequent kings and queens could be crowned in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher .
When Jerusalem was lost to the Muslims in 1187, the coronation site was moved to Tire , whose archbishopric took second place in the church hierarchy of the Crusader state after the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. After Jerusalem was regained in 1229, Emperor Frederick II crowned himself here in a controversial ceremony, although he was not the rightful king and was under the ecclesiastical ban. He was also the last Christian king to be crowned here.
The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem was entitled to the leading role in the coronation ceremony as the primacy of the Jerusalem church hierarchy. The Archbishops of Tire, Caesarea and Nazareth followed him one after the other as his deputies.
List of coronations
Remarks
- Morphia, the wife of King Baldwin II, is the first queen whose coronation is recorded in writing.
- With one exception (Baldwin II), the kings received the anointing with the coronation. The legality of the succession of Baldwin II was questioned for some time because the older brother of Baldwin I, Count Eustach III. of Boulogne , which was also taken into account. Only after it became clear that he would not return to the holy land, Baldwin II was generally recognized and finally crowned.
- As was common in the Middle Ages, some kings and queens were crowned multiple times. Melisende was crowned again in 1143 on the occasion of the coronation of her son Baldwin III. On the occasion of the coronation of his wife Maria Komnena, King Amalrich I performed his second coronation. Baldwin V was crowned during the lifetime of his uncle Baldwin IV to be crowned a second time after his death.
- Amalrich I was crowned on the feast day of the martyr Simeon , Baldwin IV on the anniversary of the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099.
- Sibylle's succession to the throne was controversial at the time, which is why the patriarch refused to put the crown on her husband Guido von Lusignan's head. Sibylle took this over personally. They were also crowned on a Friday, an outrageous process according to contemporary reports.
- Konrad von Montferrat prepared his and his wife's coronation, but was first murdered. Heinrich von Champagne waived a coronation.
- The kings Conrad II and Konradin never appeared in person in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and were therefore not crowned. John II died after only a short reign in Cyprus.
- Hugo I (Hugo III of Cyprus) had to be crowned by the Bishop of Lydda, as the Patriarch was not present in Tire and the Archbishopric of Tire, Caesarea and Nazareth were vacant.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b cf. Klaus-Peter Kirstein: The Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem. From the conquest of the Holy City by the Crusaders in 1099 to the end of the Crusader States in 1291. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3428099648 , p. 205.
literature
- Hans Eberhard Mayer : The pontifical of Tire and the coronation of the Latin kings of Jerusalem. At the same time, a contribution to research on rulers and state symbols. In: Dumbarton Oaks Papers Vol. 21 (1967), pp. 141-232.