List of governors of Lower Germany

Portrait of the Emperor Vitellius, previously governor in Lower Germany, in the Capitoline Museums, Rome .

The list of governors of Lower Germany contains the army commanders and governors of the province of Germania Inferior who resided in Cologne.

Instructions for use:

The terms of office as governor can sometimes only be determined with uncertainty. More detailed explanations of the dating can be found in the individual articles.

For clear allocation, the year in which the respective person served as consul is also given, if known .
The references in the ancient (literary and epigraphic ) sources are given for each governorship . In the case of inscriptions, only one modern publication is given, preferably the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum or the Année épigraphique .

Until the establishment of the province

Dating	Surname	Consul a year	supporting documents
12-9 BC Chr.	Nero Claudius Drusus	9 v. Chr.
9–8 BC Chr.	Tiberius	13 BC Chr .; 7 v. Chr .; 18; 21; 31
4–1 BC Chr.	Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus	16 BC Chr.
1-4	Marcus Vinicius	19 BC Chr.
4-6	Tiberius (again)	see above
6 / 7-9	Publius Quinctilius Varus	13 BC Chr.
9-11	Tiberius (again)	see above
12-16	Germanicus Caesar	12
14-16?	Aulus Caecina Severus (as legatus Augusti pro praetore )	1 v. Chr.	Tac. ann. 1.31.2; 1.37.2; 1.48.1 f .; 1.50.3; 1,56,1-5; 1.60.2; 1.61.1; 1.63-68; 1.72.1; 2,6.1.
21st	Gaius Visellius Varro	12	Tac. ann. 3.41.2; 3.42.2; 3.43.3.
28	Lucius Apronius	8th	Tac. ann. 4.73.1; 6,30,2; CIL 000013 XIII, 7088 ; CIL 000006 VI, 31687 .
40-41	Aulus Gabinius Secundus	35	Suet. Claud. 24.3; Dio 60.8.7.
46	Quintus Sanquinius Maximus	probably 21 or 22; 39	Tac. ann. 11.18.1.
47	Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo	probably 39	Tac. ann. 11,18,1; 11,19,3; 11, 20, 1 f .; Dio 60,30,3-6.
54-56	Pompey Paulinus	no later than 54	Tac. ann. 13,53,1 f .; Bronze fitting of a cassette; Plin. nat. hist. 33,143; AE 1938, 75 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 8548
57? -58	Lucius Duvius Avitus	56	CIL 000012 XII, 1354 ; AE 1976, 391 ; Tac. ann. 13,54,2; 13.56.2.
63-67?	Publius Sulpicius Scribonius Rufus	maybe before 56	AE 1969/70, 443 ; Dio 63.17.2 f.
67-68	Fonteius Capito	67	Tac. hist. 1,7,1; 1.52.1; 4.13.1; 1,58,1 f .; Plut. Galba 15.3; Suet. Galba 11; Dio 64.2.3.
68-69	Aulus Vitellius Germanicus	48	Tac. hist. 1,9,1; 1.52.1; Suet. Vit. 7.1.
69-70	Gaius Dillius Vocula		Tac. hist. 4,25,4.
70-71	Quintus Petillius Cerialis	probably 70; 74	Tac. hist. 4,68,1; 4.71-79; 4.86; 5.14-26; Dio 66.3.3; Joseph. bell. Iud. 7.82 f.
? 71-73	Aulus Marius Celsus	69	AE 1979, 413
Between 69 and 81	Unknown		inscription
? 76-78	Quintus Iulius Cordinius Gaius Rutilius Gallicus	At 71; 85	CIL 000016 XVI, 23 ; Statius , Silvae 1,4,89 f.
79-80	Decimus Junius Novius Priscus	78	CIL 000016 XVI, 158 ; AE 1955, 61
approx. 80-83	Sextus Iulius Frontinus	Probably 73; 98; 100	CIL 000013 XIII, 8624
probably in the 80s	Lucius Acilius Strabo	71 or 80	CIL 000013 XIII, 7709
Before 85	Unknown		AE 1976, 511

After the province was established (around 85)

Dating	Surname	Consul a year	supporting documents
88-89	Aulus Bucius Lappius Maximus	86; 95	Dio 67,11,1 f .; Epit. de Caes. 11.9 f .; CIL 000006 VI, 1347
Between 81 and 97	Titus Vestricius Spurinna	98	Plin. ep. 2.7.1 f.
97? –98?	Lucius Licinius Sura	possibly 93; 102; 107	AE 1923, 33
98? –99?	Lucius Neratius Priscus	97	CIL 000009 IX, 2455 ; AE 1978, 287 ; AE 1969/70, 152 ; Plin. ep. 2.13.
100	Unknown		AE 1984, 667
Around 101-102	Quintus Acutius Nerva	100	CIL 000013 XIII, 7697 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 7715 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 7716
Early 2nd century	Unknown		CIL 000003 III, 10804
Between 119 and 122	Aulus Platorius Nepos Manilianus Gaius Licinius Pollio	119	CIL 000005 V, 877
127	Lucius Coelius Rufus	119	AE 1997, 1314
at 130	[Marcus Valerius Propinquus?] Grani [us Fabianus?] Grattius [Cerealis?] Geminius R [estitutus?]	126	CIL 000002 II, 6084
between 135 and 139	Quintus Lollius Urbicus	at 135	CIL 000008 VIII, 6706
between approx. 142 and 150	Gaius Iulius Severus	probably 138/139	IGR III, 174.
After 151	Lucius Octavius Cornelius Publius Salvius Iulianus Aemilianus	148	CIL 000008 VIII, 24094 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 7791 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 8159
between approx. 153 and 158	Gnaeus Iulius Verus	probably 151	CIL 000003 III, 2732
approx. 158-160	Tiberius Claudius Iulianus	154	CIL 000013 XIII, 8036 ; Fronto ad am. 1,5,1 f .; 1.20.1.
after 160	Gaius Septimius Severus	probably 155 or 160	AE 1917/18, 60
Around 171–172	Quintus Antistius Adventus		AE 1893.88 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 8812
under Commodus or shortly before?	Junius Macr […] or Macer		CIL 000013 XIII, 12521.41 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 12528.11 ; AE 1935, 140 ; more brick stamps
approx. 180 / 181-184 / 185	Marcus Didius Iulianus	175	CIL 000006 VI, 1401 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 8260 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 12515.8 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 12521.39 ; HA v. Did. Jul. 1.6-9.
Between 180 and 192?	Gaius Allius Fuscianus		AE 1935, 100
196-197	Virius Lupus ?		Dio 75.6.2.
197	Gaius Valerius Pudens		CIL 000013 XIII, 8824
late 2nd / early 3rd century?	Novius Priscus		CIL 000013 XIII, 11990
Between Middle of the 2nd and middle of the 3rd century	Fronto		CIL 000013 XIII, 8265
Between 2nd and mid 3rd century	Aemilius [-] or		CIL 000013 XIII, 8150
2nd / 3rd Century	Quintus Tarquitius Catulus		CIL 000013 XIII, 8170
200/201	Unknown (possibly identical to Lucius Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus)		CIL 000013 XIII, 8826
approx. between 200 and 204	Lucius Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus	223	CIL 000006 VI, 1450 ; CIL 000006 VI, 1451 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 8829
End of 2nd / beginning of 3rd century	Unknown (Iasdius?)		CIL 000006 VI, 31651
205	Quintus Venidius Rufus Marius Maximus Lucius Calvinianus		CIL 000013 XIII, 8828 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 8825
211	Lucius Lucceius Martinus		CIL 000013 XIII, 8201
211	Unknown (possibly identical to L. Lucceius Martinus)		CIL 000013 XIII, 8050
around the 210s	Marcus Valerius Senecio		CIL 000008 VIII, 2751 ; CIL 000008 VIII, 2750 ; AE 1917/18, 77
early 3rd century	[? Clau] dius Agr [ipp] a		CIL 000013 XIII, 7798
218	Unknown		CIL 000013 XIII, 7800
Between 212 and 222	Unknown		CIL 000013 XIII, 8048 / CIL 000013 XIII, 8049
222/223	Titus Flavius Aper Commodianus		CIL 000013 XIII, 8035 ; CIL 000013 XIII, 8607
probably in the 220s / 230s	Gaius Fulvius Maximus		CIL 000013 XIII, 8807
at 230?	Unknown (possibly identical to Titus Clodius Aurelius Saturninus )		AE 1957, 161 ; AE 1972, 598
231	Flav [ius -] ian [us]		CIL 000013 XIII, 8017
between 231 and 235	Aufidius Coresnius Marcellus		AE 2002, 1772
233-234?	Gaius Furius Sabinus Aquila Timesitheus		CIL 000013 XIII, 1807
in the early 230's	Gaius Messius Quintus Decius	232	AE 1985, 752
after 238	Lucius Domitius Gallicanus Papinianus		CIL 000002 II, 4115
-260	Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus	260, 261, 262, 268, 269	Aur. Vict. 33.8; HA Tyr. tr. 3.9; Zos. 1.38.2; Zonar. 12.24; Petrus Patricius Excerpta Vaticana 165.
End of the 2nd or 3rd century	Unknown		AE 1979, 111
3rd century	Unknown		AE 1968, 396
3rd century?	Dom (itius?)		CIL 000013 XIII, 8665

literature

Werner Eck : The governors of the Germanic provinces from 1. – 3. Century. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1985, ISBN 3-7927-0807-8 (standard work; comprehensive compilation of the sources known in 1985 and available literature with a discussion of the governorships).
Werner Eck: Cologne in Roman times (= history of the city of Cologne. Volume 1). Greven-Verlag, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-7743-0357-6 , pp. 700 f., Appendix 2 (updated list of governors, without major comments).

Remarks

↑ Whether this inscription from Rome is related to Lucius Apronius is not entirely certain.
↑ The cassette was found on the battlefield near Cremona , where the first and second battles of Bedriacum took place. Published in Anmerkungie degli scavi di antichità , 1887, p. 221.
↑ Only a tiny fragment of this inscription has survived, which Werner Eck added almost completely: On inscriptions by Roman governors in Germania. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy . Volume 57, 1984, pp. 149-159, here pp. 149-154. The addition can be found in the Clauss-Slaby epigraphic database separately from the CIL entry for the fragment under ZPE 57,154 .
^ Edited in: Herbert Nesselhauf , Hans Lieb: Third Addendum to CIL XIII. Inscriptions from the Germanic provinces and the Treverer area. In: Report of the Roman Germanic Commission. Volume 40, 1969, pp. 120-229, here p. 197, no. 203.
↑ This governor was initially identified with a suffect consul of the year 71 and the governorship was therefore carefully limited to the years between 73 and 78 (Werner Eck: The governors of the Germanic provinces from the 1st to 3rd centuries. Rhineland-Verlag, Cologne 1985, p . 139). In the meantime, Werner Eck, on the other hand, identifies him more as a suffect consul of the year 80 and therefore dates the governorship to around the 80s (Werner Eck: Cologne in Roman times. Greven-Verlag, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-7743-0357-6 , p. 700 and note 2 on p. 827).
↑ On this military diploma, which was only found in 1994, see Werner Eck , Evgeni Paunov: A new military diploma for the auxiliary troops of Germania inferior from the year 127. In: Chiron . Volume 27, 1997, pp. 335-354.

^ Jan Hendrik Holwerda, Wouter Cornelis Braat: De Holdeurn bij Berg en Dal. Brill, Leiden 1946, plate XXX. For the classification of the inscriptions see also Werner Eck: The governors of the Germanic provinces from 1. – 3. Century. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1985, p. 182 f.

↑ In addition to dating to the reign of Severus Alexander , the main consideration was originally to locate the term of office of Gaius Fulvius Maximus under Septimius Severus (more precisely in the years before 210). Werner Eck: The governors of the Germanic provinces from 1. – 3. Century. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1985, p. 209 f.

↑ See the commentary in: L'Année épigraphique . Year 2002 (2005), p. 686 f. (No. 1772).

↑ On Decius's career, see Xavier Loriot : Un sénateur illyrien élevé à la pourpre: Trajan Dèce. In: Edmond Frézouls, Hélène Jouffroy: Les empereurs illyriens. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg (October 11-13, 1990). AECR, Strasbourg 1998, ISBN 2-904337-21-0 , pp. 43-55, on governorship in the Germania inferior, pp. 50 f. - Werner Eck was not yet aware of this official when his prosopography was published by the Lower Germanic governors.

↑ Postumus controlled the " Gallic Sonderreich " as a usurper from 260 until his death in 269 and also officiated as a "counter-consul" (which was not recognized in Rome). However, he must have held a regular consulate at some point before taking over his governorship in Lower Germany and his usurpation.

[1] Whether this inscription from Rome is related to Lucius Apronius is not entirely certain.

[2] The cassette was found on the battlefield near Cremona , where the first and second battles of Bedriacum took place. Published in Anmerkungie degli scavi di antichità , 1887, p. 221.

[3] Only a tiny fragment of this inscription has survived, which Werner Eck added almost completely: On inscriptions by Roman governors in Germania. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy . Volume 57, 1984, pp. 149-159, here pp. 149-154. The addition can be found in the Clauss-Slaby epigraphic database separately from the CIL entry for the fragment under ZPE 57,154 .

[4] Edited in: Herbert Nesselhauf , Hans Lieb: Third Addendum to CIL XIII. Inscriptions from the Germanic provinces and the Treverer area. In: Report of the Roman Germanic Commission. Volume 40, 1969, pp. 120-229, here p. 197, no. 203.

[5] This governor was initially identified with a suffect consul of the year 71 and the governorship was therefore carefully limited to the years between 73 and 78 (Werner Eck: The governors of the Germanic provinces from the 1st to 3rd centuries. Rhineland-Verlag, Cologne 1985, p . 139). In the meantime, Werner Eck, on the other hand, identifies him more as a suffect consul of the year 80 and therefore dates the governorship to around the 80s (Werner Eck: Cologne in Roman times. Greven-Verlag, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-7743-0357-6 , p. 700 and note 2 on p. 827).

[6] On this military diploma, which was only found in 1994, see Werner Eck , Evgeni Paunov: A new military diploma for the auxiliary troops of Germania inferior from the year 127. In: Chiron . Volume 27, 1997, pp. 335-354.

[7] Jan Hendrik Holwerda, Wouter Cornelis Braat: De Holdeurn bij Berg en Dal. Brill, Leiden 1946, plate XXX. For the classification of the inscriptions see also Werner Eck: The governors of the Germanic provinces from 1. – 3. Century. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1985, p. 182 f.

[8] In addition to dating to the reign of Severus Alexander , the main consideration was originally to locate the term of office of Gaius Fulvius Maximus under Septimius Severus (more precisely in the years before 210). Werner Eck: The governors of the Germanic provinces from 1. – 3. Century. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1985, p. 209 f.

[9] See the commentary in: L'Année épigraphique . Year 2002 (2005), p. 686 f. (No. 1772).

[10] On Decius's career, see Xavier Loriot : Un sénateur illyrien élevé à la pourpre: Trajan Dèce. In: Edmond Frézouls, Hélène Jouffroy: Les empereurs illyriens. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg (October 11-13, 1990). AECR, Strasbourg 1998, ISBN 2-904337-21-0 , pp. 43-55, on governorship in the Germania inferior, pp. 50 f. - Werner Eck was not yet aware of this official when his prosopography was published by the Lower Germanic governors.

[11] Postumus controlled the " Gallic Sonderreich " as a usurper from 260 until his death in 269 and also officiated as a "counter-consul" (which was not recognized in Rome). However, he must have held a regular consulate at some point before taking over his governorship in Lower Germany and his usurpation.