List of German consuls in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Eilat

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The list includes consuls in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Eilat who represented or represent German states. Prussia , the North German Confederation and then the German Empire maintained consular representations in the Holy Land , whose consular districts were in the Ottoman Empire , in Mandate Palestine or today in Jerusalem or Israel . The consulate (from 1913 consulate general) in Jerusalem was subordinate to vice consulates (from 1914 consulates) in Jaffa and Haifa . The task of the consulates was to represent German citizens and the interests of the sending states in the respective consular district. As the Third Reich started World War II against an ally of Britain, the consulates closed in 1939 in British-administered Palestine. In 1965, Israel, founded in 1948, and the Federal Republic of Germany, founded in 1949, officially established diplomatic relations . Since then there has been a German embassy in Tel Aviv . The subordinate honorary consulates in Haifa and Eilat were also established later .

List of consuls in Jerusalem from 1842

The consulate (consulate general from 1913) in Jerusalem was located at 57 Street of the Prophets ( Hebrew רחוב הנביאים; Rĕchōv haNĕvī'īm) at the corner of Wallenbergstrasse . The building has not existed since 1947.

Consuls of Prussia

Before the representation in Jerusalem was raised to a consulate in 1845, it was a vice consulate of the Prussian consuls in Beirut . Occasionally the Prussian Ministry of Foreign Affairs honored consuls with the personal title Consul General .

Consuls of the North German Confederation

In 1869 the Foreign Office of the North German Confederation took over the Prussian consulates.

  • 1869–1871: Georg von Alten (1815–1882); until June 21, 1871 for the North German Confederation, personally with the rank of consul general. He was also a secret legation councilor. Often he is mistakenly mistaken for his brother Viktor von Alten .

Consuls and consuls general of the German Reich

On June 22, 1871, the North German consulate passed to the new Reich. Occasionally the Foreign Office honored consuls with the personal title Consul General. From 1913 the heads of the missions carried the title of consul general. With the British conquest of Jerusalem in 1917, the consulate general closed. And with the German defeat in 1918, the reopening was delayed until 1925.

  • 1871–1873: Georg von Alten (from June 22, 1871 for Germany), personally with the rank of consul general
  • 1873–1874: Otto Kersten , acting
  • 1874–1881: Thankmar von Münchhausen
  • 1881–1885: Julius Reitz
  • 1886–1899: Paul Andreas von Tischendorf (1847–1914), from 1898 personally in the rank of consul general
  • 1899–1900: Friedrich Rosen
  • 1901–1916: Edmund Schmidt (1855–1916), from 1914 as consul general
  • 1916–1917: Heinrich Brode (1874–1936) as Consul General
  • 1917–1926: The Reich transferred the representation of German citizens and interests to the Spanish consulate
    • 1921–1925: Karl Kapp (1889–1947), initially as a German attaché in the Spanish consulate, from 1924 vice-consul when re-establishing the consulate general
  • 1925–1932: Erich August Karl Nord (1881–1935) as consul general
  • 1933–1935: Heinrich Wolff
  • 1935–1939: Walter Döhle , qua office as Consul General
  • 1939–1945: The Reich delegated the representation of German citizens and interests to the Swiss consulate

List of consuls in Jaffa from 1870

Before the establishment of a vice consulate, there were consular agents who were subordinate to the consulate in Beirut. In 1870 the representation in Jaffa became the vice consulate of the consulate in Jerusalem. In 1914 the representation in Jaffa became a consulate under the consulate general in Jerusalem. With the British conquest of Jaffa in 1917, the consulate closed. The consular district is circumscribed in The London Gazette of December 23, 1932 as follows: Tel Aviv, Jaffa and the coast southwards including Ghazzah with the hinterland including Lydda , Ramleh , Sarona , Tulkarm and Wilhelma .

Former consulate in Jaffa, Tel Aviv, built 1913–1915 by building officer Karl Appel.
  • 1870–1897: Simeon Serapion Murad (1822–1894)
  • 1897–1901: Edmund Schmidt (1855–1916)
  • 1901–1905: Eugen Büge (1859–1936)
  • 1905–1908: Walter Rößler
  • 1908–1910: vacancy (?)
  • 1910–1916: Johann Wilhelm Heinrich Brode (1874–1936), provisional until 1911, then as Vice Consul, from 1914 as Consul
  • 1916–1917: Karl Emil Schabinger von Schowingen
  • 1917–1926: German consulate in Jaffa closed
  • 1926–1932:?
  • 1932–1939: Timotheus Wurst (1874–1961)

List of consuls in Haifa from 1877

Initially a vice consulate, subordinate to the Jerusalem consulate, Haifa became a consulate in 1914 after Jerusalem had been elevated to consulate general in 1913. The Haifa consulate closed with the British conquest of Haifa on September 23, 1918. The consular district is defined in The London Gazette on March 25, 1938 as follows: Haifa and its hinterland including Akko , Bosra , Jenin , Nazareth , Safed and Tiberias . In 1989, the German embassy in Israel appointed an honorary consulate general in Haifa.

List of consuls in Eilat as of 2005

An honorary consulate in Eilat opened its doors after 1965.

  • 2005 to date: Barbara Pfeffer

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gil Yaron , Jerusalem: a historical-political city guide , Munich: Beck, 2007, p. 159. ISBN 978-3-406-54771-3 .
  2. ↑ a b c Zeev W. Sadmon, The establishment of the Technion in Haifa, in the light of German politics: 1907-1920. München et al .: Saur, 1994, (= individual publications of the Historical Commission in Berlin; Vol. 78), p. 22. Zugl .: Trier, Univ., Diss. ISBN 3-598-23222-5 .
  3. ^ Reichsgesetzblatt 1871
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Zeëv W. Sadmon, The founding of the Technion in Haifa in the light of German politics: 1907–1920 , Munich et al .: Saur, 1994, (= individual publications by the Historical Commission in Berlin; Vol . 78), p. 23. Zugl .: Trier, Univ., Diss. ISBN 3-598-23222-5 .
  5. ↑ a b Roland Löffler, Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Evangelical and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917-1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, p. 127 . ISBN 978-3-17-019693-3
  6. ^ Tobias Bringmann, Handbuch der Diplomatie 1815 - 1963: Foreign Heads of Mission in Germany and German Heads of Mission Abroad from Metternich to Adenauer , Munich et al .: Saur, 2001, p. 105. ISBN 3-598-11431-1 .
  7. ^ A b Arnold Blumberg, "Nazi Germany's Consuls in Jerusalem, 1933-1939" , in: Simon Wiesenthal Center annual , no. 4 (1987), pp. 125-137, here p. 128.
  8. ↑ Döhle went to Germany at the end of July 1939.
  9. ^ The London Gazette (December 23, 1932), p. 8214.
  10. ↑ Appointment to German federal consuls . 23 September 1870 .
  11. ↑ a b Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר), The German contribution to the rise of Jaffa 1850-1914: On the history of Palestine in the 19th century , (= Treatises of the German Palestine Association; Volume 22), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, p. 91. ISBN 3-447-03928- 0 .
  12. ^ NN, biography no .: 29050, name Brode, Heinrich , accessed on May 6, 2017.
  13. ^ Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897-1918 , New Brunswick (NJ): Transaction, 1998, pp. 348f. ISBN 0-7658-0407-7 .
  14. ↑ In 1872 the previous consular agent E. Ziffos was appointed vice consul. See appointment to German consuls. 4 June 1872 .
  15. ↑ Zeev W. Sadmon, The establishment of the Technion in Haifa, in the light of German politics: 1907-1920 , Munich et al .: Saur, 1994 (. = Individual Publications of the Berlin Historical Commission, vol 78) 24. Zugl. : Trier, Univ., Diss. ISBN 3-598-23222-5 .
  16. ^ The London Gazette (March 25, 1938), p. 1.
  17. ↑ Malte Fuhrmann, The dream of the German Orient: two German colonies in the Ottoman Empire , Frankfurt / Main et al .: Campus, 2006, p. 360. ISBN 3-593-38005-6 ; partly also: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2004.
  18. ↑ Ayşin Yoltar-Yıldırım, Julius Harry Löytved-Hardegg: A German consul in Konya in the early 20th century , lecture given at the International Conference on Turkish Art, Budapest, September 7, 2007, p. 9.
  19. ↑ Alex Carmel , History of Haifa in the Turkish Period 1516-1918 , Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1975, p. 132. ISBN 3-447-01636-1 .
  20. ↑ Ulricke Becker, "Post-war Antisemitism: Germany's Foreign Policy Toward Egypt", in: Global Antisemitism: A Crisis of Modernity , Charles Asher Small (ed.), Leiden: Brill, 2013, pp. 283–290, here p. 286. ISBN 9789004214576 .