Maréchal d'Empire
The title of Maréchal d'Empire comes from the First Empire and was awarded to 18 French generals between 1804 and 1815. The title was introduced on the day of the imperial coronation in 1804 as a replacement for the previous Maréchal de France, which was abolished with the French Revolution . It was awarded for the last time in 1815, during the reign of the Hundred Days , and the beneficiary was Emmanuel de Grouchy .
Like various other nobility titles, the maréchalat was used for financial support, decoration and other privileges. From a military point of view, a maréchal could be sure of being in command of at least one corps (or several) in a campaign .
history
Since the designation Maréchal de France des Ancien Régime had been abolished with the Revolution, on the instigation of Napoleon Bonaparte on May 18, 1804 by the Senate with a "Senatus-consulte" (Senate resolution) of May 18, 1804, the title of Maréchal d 'Empire introduced. At first 14 generals and four senators with the rank of general had the pleasure to lead him, which was communicated to them the next day. The gentlemen were to be rewarded with it for shown skills and proven services.
« DÉCRET IMPÉRIAL
N APOLÉON , Empereur des Français, décrète ce qui suit:
Sont nommés maréchaux de l'Empire, les généraux Berthier, - Murat,
- Moncey, - Jourdan, - Masséna, - Augereau, - Bernadotte, - Soult, - Brune, - Lannes, - Mortier, - Ney, - Davout, - Bessières .
Le titre de maréchal d'Empire est donné aux sénateurs Kellermann, - Lefebvre, - Pérignon et Sérurier qui ont commandé en chef.
Donné à Saint-Cloud , le 29 floréal at XII.
N APOLÉON . »
"Imperial decree
Napoléon, Emperor of the French, orders the following:
The generals Berthier, - Murat, - Moncey, - Jourdan, - Masséna, - Augereau, - Bernadotte, - Soult, - Brune, - Lannes, - Mortier, - Ney, - Davout, - Bessières are appointed Marshal of the Empire.
Senators Kellermann, - Lefebvre, - Pérignon and Sérurier as commander-in-chief receive the title of marshal of the empire.
Given at Saint-Cloud, May 19, 1804.
NAPOLÉON. "
The total number of marshals on active duty was then fixed at 18. To ensure that this number was the upper limit, it was determined that new marshals could only be appointed if, by whatever circumstances, a position became vacant. This is what happened in 1809, when Berthier was promoted to Vice-connétable de l'Empire , Jourdan to Chief of Staff of the Armée d'Espagne (Spanish Army) and Murat to become King of Naples. Lannes died that same year; Marshals Bessières and Poniatowski had fallen. Another vacancy among the generals arose when Bernadotte became Crown Prince of Sweden in 1810 .
The boulevards, which were laid out in Paris on the site of the former second city wall, bear the names of these marshals. Exceptions are Augereau , Bernadotte, Grouchy , Marmont , Moncey , Oudinot and Pérignon . Other streets were named after Augereau, Moncey, Oudinot and Pérignon. Bernadotte, Marmont and Grouchy were not honored, the former two because they were considered traitors, and the latter because he was held responsible for the defeat at the Battle of Waterloo .
List of 26 Marshals
| Maréchal | title | Born | Deceased | appointment | portrait |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles Pierre François Augereau | Duc de Castiglione ( Duke of Castiglione) | 1757 | 1816 | 1804 |
|
| Charles-Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte | Prince et duc souverain de Pontecorvo ( Prince and sovereign Duke of Pontecorvo) | 1763 | 1844 | 1804 |
|
| Louis-Alexandre Berthier | Prince souverain de Neuchâtel et de Valengin, prince de Wagram (Sovereign Prince of Neuchâtel and des Valengin, Prince of Wagram) | 1753 | 1815 | 1804 |
|
| Jean-Baptiste Bessières | Duc d'Istrie (Duke of Istria ) | 1768 | 1813 | 1804 |
|
| Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune | Comte d'Empire ( Imperial Count ) | 1763 | 1815 | 1804 |
|
| Louis Nicolas Davout | Duc d'Auerstaedt , prince d'Eckmühl (Duke of Auerstädt, Prince of Eckmühl) | 1770 | 1823 | 1804 |
|
| Jean-Baptiste Jourdan | Comte (Count in the Second Restoration) | 1762 | 1833 | 1804 |
|
| François-Christophe Kellermann | Duc de Valmy (Duke of Valmy) | 1735 | 1820 | 1804 |
|
| Jean Lannes | Duc de Montebello (Duke of Montebello) | 1769 | 1809 | 1804 |
_-_Le_mar%C3%A9chal_Lannes_(1769-1809),_1834.jpg)
|
| François Joseph Lefebvre | Duc de Dantzig (Duke of Danzig) | 1755 | 1820 | 1804 |
|
| André Masséna | Duc de Rivoli, prince d ' Essling (Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling) | 1758 | 1817 | 1804 |
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|
| Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey | Duc de Conegliano (Duke of Conegliano) | 1754 | 1842 | 1804 |
|
| Edouard Adolphe Mortier | Duc de Trévise (Duke of Treviso) | 1768 | 1835 | 1804 |
|
| Joachim Murat | Grand-duc de Berg et de Clèves, roi de Naples et des Deux-Siciles (Grand Duke of Cleve and Berg, King of Naples and both Sicilies) | 1767 | 1815 | 1804 |
|
| Michel Ney | Duc d'Elchingen , prince de la Moskowa (Duke of Elchingen, Prince of the Moskva) | 1769 | 1815 | 1804 |
|
| Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon | Comte d'Empire (Count of the Empire) | 1754 | 1818 | 1804 |
|
| Jean Mathieu Philibert Sérurier | Comte d'Empire (Count of the Empire) | 1742 | 1819 | 1804 |
|
| Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult | Duc de Dalmatie (Duke of Dalmatia ) | 1769 | 1851 | 1804 |
|
| Claude Victor-Perrin called Victor | Duc de Bellune (Duke of Belluno ) | 1764 | 1841 | 1807 |
|
| Jacques MacDonald | Duc de Tarente (Duke of Taranto ) | 1765 | 1840 | 1809 |
|
| Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont | Duc de Raguse (Duke of Ragusa ) | 1774 | 1852 | 1809 |
|
| Charles Nicolas Oudinot | Duc de Reggio (Duke of Reggio) | 1767 | 1847 | 1809 |
|
| Louis Gabriel Suchet | Duc d'Albuféra (Duke of Albufera) | 1770 | 1826 | 1811 |
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| Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr | Comte d'Empire (Count of the Empire) | 1764 | 1830 | 1812 |
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| Józef Antoni Poniatowski | Prince de Pologne et du Saint-Empire romain germanique, généralissime des Polonais (Prince of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of Poland) | 1763 | 1813 | 1813 |
|
| Emmanuel de Grouchy | Comte d'Empire (Count of the Empire) | 1766 | 1847 | 1815 |
|
literature
- Louis Chardigny: Les Maréchaux de Napoléon (= Bibliothèque Napoléonienne. No. 13). New, revised and updated edition. Tallandier, Paris 2003, ISBN 2-84734-087-4 .
- Jacques Demougin (ed.): Les Maréchaux de Napoléon. Trésor du patrimoine, Paris 2003, ISBN 2-915118-02-7 .
- Lewis Goldsmith (Ed.): Recueil de Décrets, Ordonnances, Traités de Paix, Manifestes, Proclamations, Discours, & c. & c. de Napoléon Bonaparte, et des Membres du Gouvernement Français, depuis le 18 Brumaire, An 8, (Novembre, 1799) jusqu'a l'Année 1812, inclusivement. Extraits du Moniteur. Volume 2: Contenant les dites Pièces sous le Gouvernement Impérial, commençant le 15 mai, 1804 jusqu'á la fin de l'année 1806. R. Juigné, London 1806, pp. 7–8 ( full text in the Internet Archive ).
- Jacques Jourquin: Dictionnaire des maréchaux du Premier Empire. Dictionnaire analytique, statistique et comparé des vingt-six maréchaux. 4th, greatly expanded edition. Christian / JAS, Paris 1999, ISBN 2-911090-05-5 .
- Christophe Brun, Joseph Valynseele, Eric Jauffret, Georges Maze-Sencier, Cosette Millet-Bex, Jean Reveilliez; Geneviève Maze-Sencier (ed.): Dictionnaire des maréchaux de France. You Moyen Age à nos Jours. Perrin, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-262-01735-2 .
- Vincent Rolin: Les aides de camp de Napoléon et des maréchaux sous le Premier Empire (1804-1815). Napoléon 1 er Éditions, Saint-Cloud 2005, ISBN 2-9519539-4-1 .
- Jürgen Sternberger: The marshals of Napoleon. Pro Business, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-86805-172-8 .