Clover family

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Clover family
Pill fern (Pilularia globulifera; above) and clover fern (Marsilea quadrifolia; below) - illustration

Pill fern ( Pilularia globulifera; above) and
clover fern ( Marsilea quadrifolia; below) - illustration

Systematics
Empire : Plants (Plantae)
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Ferns
Class : True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order : Floating ferns (Salviniales)
Family : Clover family
Scientific name
Marsileaceae
Mirb.

The clover family (Marsileaceae) are a family from the group of real ferns . The family is named after the Italian Count Aloysius Ferdinandus Marsili (Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli) (1658-1730), who also collected plants.

description

The clover family are marsh and aquatic plants that take root in the ground . They have a long rhizome that is forked and crawls in or on the mud. It is slender and often hairy. The leaves are alternate. They resemble clover leaves or they are stalk-round and rush-shaped, they have four ( Marsilea ), two ( Regnellidium ) or none ( Pilularia ) leaflets, so they are quite simply structured for ferns . The leaf veins are forked, but often merge again at their end.

The clover family are heterosporous , they form small male and large female meiospores. The sporangia are unisexual, each forming a kind of meiospores. There are several in spherical or elongated to bean-shaped sporocarpies and tear open with two to four valves. The wall of the sporocarp is formed by a transformed leaflet and is hard. The sporocarp arises from the rhizome or at the base of a petiole. Sporocarps are resistant to dehydration and are therefore good persistence organs in the damp locations of many species. One or many sporocarpies are formed per plant. The microspores are spherical and trilet (three-pointed scar), the megaspores are also spherical and have an acrola lamella above the aperture. The perine is gelatinous.

The prothallium remains small and enclosed in the spore, or only slightly extends out of the spore.

The basic chromosome number is x = 10 in Pilularia and x = 20 in Marsilea .

distribution

The fern plants are sub- cosmopolitan . They grow in ponds and in shallow water; the leaves float or protrude from the water.

Marsilea villosa

Systematics

Marsilea hirsuta (Syn .: Marsilea azorica )

The clover fern family are the sister group of the swimming fern family, with which they form the order of the Salviniales. There are three genera within the family with a total of around 75 species. The two genera Pilularia and Regnellidium are more closely related to each other than to Marsilea .

  • Clover ferns ( Marsilea L. ) with 50 to 70 species, five of them in Europe. This subheading includes:
    • Clover fern ( Marsilea quadrifolia L. ), the only Central European species.
    • Marsilea batardae Launert : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.
    • Marsilea crenata C. Presl : It occurs in Japan, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia.
    • Marsilea drummondii A. Braun : It occurs in Australia.
    • Marsilea exarata A. Braun : It was first described from Queensland.
    • Marsilea hirsuta R. Br. (Syn .: Marsilea azorica Launert & Paiva ): It was first described from Australia. She is a neophyte in the Azores.
    • Marsilea minuta L .: It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Egypt and Israel.
  • Pill ferns ( Pilularia L. ) with six species. Including:
  • Regnellidium Lindm. , with the only kind:
    • Regnellidium diphyllum Lindm. : It is only known from a few localities in southern Brazil and Argentina and grows on lake shores and in ponds between other aquatic vegetation.

Paleobotany

The family is poorly represented by fossils. There are a few megaspores and other fossils from the Cretaceous period that belong to the clover family. Rodeites is a tertiary genus derived from megaspores, microspores and sporocarps from the highlands of the Dekkan in India . Rodeites dakshinii is very similar to the recent Regnellidium .

supporting documents

  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 . (Features)
  • Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, Paul G. Wolf: A classification for extant ferns. In: Taxon. Volume 55, No. 3, 2006, ISSN  0040-0262 , pp. 705-731, abstract, PDF file (characteristics, distribution).
  • Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd, revised and expanded edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , p. 460 ( dwarf clover ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin, Berlin 2016. ISBN 978-3-946292-10-4 , page 640. doi : 10.3372 / epolist2016
  2. ↑ Hanno Schaefer, Mark A. Carine, Fred J. Rumsey: From European Priority Species to Invasive Weed: Marsilea azorica (Marsileaceae) is a Misidentified Alien. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 36, No. 4, 2011, pp. 845-853, DOI: 10.1600 / 036364411X604868
  3. ^ Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, Paul G. Wolf: A classification for extant ferns. In: Taxon. Volume 55, No. 3, 2006, ISSN  0040-0262 , pp. 705–731, abstract, ( Memento of the original dated February 12, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. PDF file . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ingentaconnect.com
  4. ^ A b Kathleen M. Pryer: Phylogeny of Marsileaceous Ferns and Relationships of the Fossil Hydropteris pinnata Reconsidered. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences. Volume 160, No. 5, 1999, pp. 931-954, JSTOR , PDF file.
  5. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  6. ↑ a b c M. Christenhusz & E. von Raab-Straube (2013): Lycopodiophytina. Datasheet Marsilea In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  7. ^ A b Marsilea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  8. ^ Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants . Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs 1993, ISBN 0-13-651589-4 , p. 434.

Web links

Commons : Clover Family  - Collection of images, videos and audio files