Masurian language
Masurian (Masurian Mazurská Gádka ) is generally regarded as a Polish dialect that was widespread in the southeast Prussian landscape of Masuria , that is, in the Prussian tribal areas of Pogesanien , Barten , Galinden and Sudauen . However, there is also the opposite view that it is an independent Slavic language. The East Prussian Masurians simply defined their proper name as “inhabitant”, which probably corresponds to the Polish mąż “man”.
history
Bold theories have been put forward about the origin of the Mazovians . Roman Sołtyk looked for him in the early 19th century among the ancient massageteers . The Pannonian - Dalmatian Mazei tribe was also considered because of the similarity of many toponyms. Then the name meaning goes back to maz 'great' (mountain name Massarus ). However, similar Slavic tribal names and similar Slavic toponyms appear in regions that are sometimes far apart from each other, without necessarily pointing out anything more than general Slavic commonalities (cf. Serbs and Sorbs , Slovenes and Slovins , Belgrade and Belgard ).
The original language of the Mazovians is likely to have been a proto-Polish dialect. The Masurian dialect in southern East Prussia went back to Polish roots and, depending on the region, was heavily mixed with other languages: In the north-eastern part there was a mixture of Lithuanian and Polish , in the western part there was a strong mixture with German . In the interior of Masuria there were very different dialects. The dialects of the areas around Angerburg and Lötzen were relatively difficult to understand for the rest of East Prussia . The purest Polish could be found in the area around Soldau . There were considerable differences between the common language and the church Polish.
Around the 7th century the Mazovians migrated from the south to their later area to the north, where they were initially prevented from penetrating into Prussian tribal areas by the powerful Galindians , whose territory at that time still extended to the Narew . However, from this time onwards, individual peaceful settler clans infiltrated into Prussian territory, where they mingled with the local population. The Old Prussian contributed many words to Mazury that were often decorated with Polish ending.
The Masurian dialect already developed during the time of the order : “Neither the Slavic Masovians (Masurians) nor the Lithuanians belonging to the Baltic language tribe settled in East Prussia before the appearance of the Teutonic Order. It was not until the latter, and relatively late, that members of these peoples moved into the country mainly to colonize the wilderness. ”Besides these settlers, there were also serf Polish refugees who fled from the arbitrariness of their landlords to the more lenient rights of the order of knights (and later Prussia ) and despite strong protests by their “owners” and diplomatic negotiations, they were rarely extradited. The influx intensified during the time of Polish-Lithuanian personal union . In addition, since the 15th century, Polish settlers have been recruited from Mazovia ( Polish Mazur , Masovians) to the region, which has been depopulated by war events. After 1525, Reformed Poles fled to the already secularized East Prussia. The Lutheran Reformation of the order country contributed to a further decoupling from the linguistic development in the Catholic Kingdom of Poland. But Masurian remained a “village language”, as the official and written language was always German.
According to the census of 1900, Masurian was spoken by the following proportion of the population in the East Prussian districts given:
- 49.4% Masurian (and 20.8% Polish ) in the Johannisburg district ,
- 43.4% (and 31.1%) in the Ortelsburg district ,
- 35.1% (and 18.1%) in the district of Elk ,
- 31.7% (and 37.6%) in the Neidenburg district ,
- 30.3% (and 20.2%) in the district of Sensburg ,
- 19.0% (and 14.5%) in the Oletzko district (later Treuburg),
- 10.9% (and 33.0%) in the Osterode district in East Prussia .
After 1900, the proportion of speakers of the Masurian dialect in the total population gradually decreased. Since the Reformation, most of the residents have belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran Church , which was part of the Church Province of East Prussia from 1817 . After the First World War , the Masurians showed solidarity with Germany, so that in the referendum on July 11, 1920, a total of 99.32% of those who voted in Masurian circles voted to stay with Germany, with a turnout of 87.31%.
After 1933, the use of the Masurian dialect was largely banned by the National Socialist German authorities. In 1938 in particular, many Masurian place and person names were changed. From 1939 it was forbidden to hold services in Masurian.
In 1945, many Masurians fled from the approaching Red Army or were expelled. Other people were settled in Masuria, most of them from areas in the east and Ukraine that had been lost to Poland . Of the original population, around 160,000 people, including many who spoke Masurian, were granted the right to stay on condition that they acquire Polish citizenship. They were banned from using the German language. However, most of them moved to West Germany as repatriates in the 1950s, 1970s and 1980s . Today the Masurian language is largely extinct. With a few exceptions, the current place names of Masuria are linked to the old Prussian names in Polonized form.
font
Source: pomazursku.pl
| Masurian | Examples |
| a, A | pask, Nikołajki |
| á, Á | wáju |
| ä, Ä | wschodnie mätkiä |
| b, b | boron |
| c, c | cółno |
| č, Č | spač, spacź |
| d, D | thóra |
| e, E | psies |
| é, É | mléko |
| f, F | fejfka |
| g, G | geš, gesź |
| h, H | héwo |
| i, i | mÿgi, migi |
| j, j | jo |
| k, k | klémpa |
| l, L | listkář, listkárż |
| ł, Ł | głupsi |
| m, M | moznošč, moznosźcź |
| n, N | nelka |
| ń, Ń | přÿńdó, prżińdó |
| o, o | muchor |
| ó, Ó | dómb |
| ô, Ô | ôčec, uocźec |
| p, p | prask |
| r, r | rec |
| ř, Ř | wéngoř, wéngorż |
| s, S | saniec |
| š, Š | šwam, sźwam |
| ś (si), Ś | psiwo, Gołdapś |
| t, t | tlo |
| u, u | must, must |
| û, Û | ûlica, uulica |
| w, W | wáju |
| ÿ, Ÿ | nÿstÿ, nysti |
| z, z | zégáwka |
| ž, Ž | kižlák, kiż'lák |
| ź, Ź | bzije, gołómbź |
| digraph | |
| dž | Džałdowo, Dżiałdowo |
case
Source: mazurska.eu
| case | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | ksiát | ksiátÿ |
| Genitive | ksiátu / ksiáta | ksiátów |
| dative | ksiát | oju, ochiu, oziu | ksiátám |
| accusative | ksiát, ksíáta | ksiátÿ |
| Instrumental | ksiátem | ksiát | ani, amni, ami |
| locative | ksiácie | ksiátach |
| vocative | ksiácie! | ksiátÿ! |
Be the verb
| past | present | future | ||
| pronoun | Masurian | Masurian | Polish | Masurian |
| Yes | já buł / ém buł / bułém | Em ever | Yes yestem | bénde / béde |
| Tÿ | tÿsź buł / tÿsź buła / esź buł (+ a) | Tÿś ever | Ty jesteś | béndžes / bédžes |
| Ón / Óna / Óno | ón buł, óna buła, óno buło / bÿło | Ón / Óna jes | On / Ona jest | béndže / bédže |
| Mÿ | mÿ bÿli / mÿ bÿlim / mÿ bÿliźwa | Em só / Mÿ jest | My jesteśmy | béndžém / bédžém / bédžewa |
| Wÿ | wÿ bÿli / wÿ bÿlisźta / (e) sźta bÿli | Wyśta só / Wÿ jeśteśta | Wy jesteście | bédžeta / béndžeta |
| Óni / Óne | óne / óni bÿli | Óni / Óne só | Oni / One są | bédó / béndo |
conjugation
- · AČ
| Yes | zn ám |
| Tÿ | zn ás |
| Ón / Óna | zn á |
| Mÿ | zn awa |
| Wÿ | zn ata |
| Óni / Óne | zn ajó |
dumač - think (dumam, dumas, dumá, dumawa, dumata, dumajó),
kupač - buy (kupam, kupas, kupá, kupawa, kupata, kupajó)
- · EČ
| Yes | mÿšl e |
| Tÿ | mÿšl is |
| Ón / Óna | mÿšl i |
| Mÿ | mÿšl im / mÿšl iwa |
| Wÿ | mÿšl ita |
| Óni / Óne | Mysl ó |
- · OWAČ
| Yes | koménder uje |
| Tÿ | koménder ujes |
| Ón / Óna | koménder uje |
| Mÿ | koménder ujém |
| Wÿ | koménder ujeta |
| Óni / Óne | koménder ujó |
dictionary
Source: olsztyn.luteranie.pl, de.glosbe.com
| Masurian | German | Polish |
| abštÿsikant | Bachelor | walarek, zalotnik |
| aštÿchnÿ | hastily | porywczy |
| bach | child | dziecko |
| best | lilac | re |
| bónowač | buzzing around | bzykać |
| bónÿ | Beans | fasola |
| brédek | bun | bułka |
| buber | broad bean | bob |
| bulwÿ | Potatoes | ziemniaki |
| bursa | wallet | walletka |
| cajtunek | newspaper | gazeta |
| cegój | Why? | dlaczego? |
| čiskač | throw | rzucić |
| chrachór | Diver | only |
| cÿtrona | lemon | cytryna |
| dec | top, roof | top, roof |
| drómel | drum | bęben |
| drón | drone | truteń |
| drózdÿ | Starlings | szpaki |
| durowač | consist | trwać |
| dÿšlo | Drawbar | dyszel |
| érdbera | Wild strawberry | poziomka |
| fana | banner | flaga |
| farÿna | sugar | cukier |
| feler | error | błąd |
| fifák | rascal | nieszczery |
| flanca | seedling | sadzonka |
| frÿštÿk | breakfast | śniadanie |
| gbur | Farmer, farmer | rolnik, gospodarz |
| geš | goose | gęś |
| giérÿ | legs | nogi |
| gréfnÿ | nimble | sprytny |
| gřniota | thunderstorm | burza z piorunami |
| háka | hoe | motyka |
| háuptniasto | Capital | stolica |
| hučik | cap | kapelusz |
| huncfot | Womanizer | kobieciarz |
| jébel | Planer | strug |
| jedoda | Blueberry | jagoda |
| káfej | coffee | kawa |
| káncÿnał | Hymn book | śpiewnik kościelny |
| kasta | box | skrzynia |
| biscuit | Cookies | ciasteczka |
| klapštula | Bread and butter | kanapka |
| kléta | rumor | plotka |
| kléwer | clover | koniczyna |
| knéfel | stud | guzik |
| clonkra | Wooden spoon | drewniana łyżka |
| kokošiniec | chicken coop | kurnik |
| košór | Poker | pogrzebacz |
| kówera | envelope | koperta |
| krakia | crow | wrona |
| krÿstómbrÿ | Gooseberries | agrest |
| kukáwkia | cuckoo | kukułka |
| kupač | to buy | kupować |
| kurpsie | Mountain pines | chodaki |
| łapém | open | wait |
| Mazurÿ | Masuria (people) | Mazurzy |
| méntel | butterfly | motyl |
| muchor | Fly agaric | muchomor |
| Not | no one | nik |
| niések | bag | worek, torba |
| ôbléta | dress | odzież |
| oddazinÿ | wedding | ślub |
| piláki | Ducklings | kaczuszki |
| pitróla | petroleum | nafta |
| plik | Bald head | łysina |
| plómpa | pump | pompa |
| plumÿ | Plums | śliwki |
| práwÿ | Röhrling | borowik |
| prÿnc | prince | książę |
| psiwo, bir | beer | piwo |
| pupa | Doll | lalka |
| redošč | joy | radość |
| shelf | Wall shelf | polka |
| rektór | Teacher | nauczyciel |
| scérnÿ | real | prawdziwy |
| scubeł | pike | szczupak |
| stérač | to lose | zgubić |
| stimač | taking photos | fotografować |
| stréfle | Socks | pończochy |
| šurek | boy | chłopczyk |
| šwam | Bath sponge | gąbka |
| táskia | Cup | filiżanka |
| téja | tea | herbata |
| tÿna | ton | beczka |
| topek | potty | nocnik |
| tropki | drops | kropelki |
| waba | honeycomb | włoszczyzna |
| wálnÿ | big | duży |
| wašlap | Tea towel | ścierka |
| wej lo! | look! | spójrz tylko! |
| wéla | wave | fala |
| wérÿ | bed | łóżko |
| zaft | juice | so |
| za šiła | pretty much | zbyt wiele |
| zaûsnik | Earring | kolczyk |
| zdrednie | Dangerous | niebiezpiecznie |
| zégáwka, zégáwkia | Nettles | pokrzywa |
| zietř | wind | wiatr |
| zrének | tomorrow | poranek |
| zÿcher ze jo | Of course | oczywiście |
Months of the year
Source: ciekawe.org
| Month - Nieszióndz | |
| German-Latin system | Slavic system |
| Anuar | Stÿceń |
| February | Lutÿ |
| Marc | Maržec |
| April | Ksieczeń |
| Mej | Maj |
| June | Cérziec |
| July | Lÿpsiec |
| August | Siéržpsiéń |
| Scepter | Wržeszień |
| October | Paźdžiérnik |
| Nowémber | Listopat |
| Décémber | Grudnik |
Place names (toponyms)
Source: mazurska.eu
| Masurian | Polish |
| Bziáłá | Biała |
| Džałdów | Działdowo |
| Gołdapś | Gołdap |
| Jáńsbork | Pisz |
| Lec | Giżycko |
| Łék | Ełk |
| Nibork | Nidzica |
| Nikołajki | Mikołajki |
| Ôleak | Olecko |
| Ôlštÿnek | Olsztynek |
| Ôřés | Orzysz |
| Ôstród | Ostróda |
| Pasÿń / Pasÿmek | Pasym |
| Rastémbork | Kętrzyn |
| Rÿn | Ryn |
| Scÿtno | Szczytno |
| Wéngobork | Węgorzewo |
| Targetability | Wielbark |
| Zondzbork | Mrągowo |
Text examples
An example of the Masurian church language in which the evangelical church services were held are the following sentences from around 1900: “Ja i dom moy bedziemy sluzli Panu” - I and my house will serve the Lord and “Kazania na wszystkie niedziel i swieta roku koscielnego “- on all Sundays and public holidays of the church year .
Below is a poem:
Réjza
siodám ná koło
Kiej féin Pogoda
dumám Tedy
Nád zÿciem Mazura
ajw Nasu ziamiá
ôddÿcha w Dali
ANY rÿchtÿk pozwalá
mniá do Dumania
Nád Moja réjzá
pred siebie chućko Jide
ná drogách zycia
chtóré ûmÿká
chtórégo never zabácé
po śmierci, chtóra for latámi
přéniká ...
wsÿtko per féin
ajw ji téraz
jék budzié po tym co přÿjdzié
nié ziém…?
jédno jé péwné zé ajw jé féin
ná mójéj réjzié ...
literature
- Andreas Kossert : Masuria, East Prussia's forgotten south . Siedler, Berlin 2001.
- Gerd Hentschel : Masurian. In: Wieser Encyclopedia of the European East, Volume 10: Lexicon of the Languages of the European East. Klagenfurt 2002, pp. 313-314 ( online ).
- Siegfried Lenz : Local History Museum . Hoffmann and Campe, 1978 (historical summary in novel form).
Web links
- 1900 census results ( memento from June 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence
- ^ Roman Sołtyk: Poland, described geographically and historically . Stuttgart 1834, p. 53.
- ^ Heinrich Kunstmann : The Slavs, their name, their migration to Europe and the beginnings of Russian history in a historical and onomastic view . Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1996, p. 148.
- ↑ August Ambrassat: The province of East Prussia, a handbook of History. 1912, reprint Weidlich, Frankfurt a. M. 1978, p. 241 f.
- ^ Wilhelm Gaerte: Prehistory of East Prussia . Gräfe and Unzer, Königsberg 1929, p. 319.
- ^ Wilhelm Gaerte: Prehistory of East Prussia . Gräfe and Unzer, Königsberg 1929, p. 356.
- ^ Andreas Kossert: "Grenzlandpolitik" and Ostforschung on the periphery of the empire. (PDF; 8.4 MB) p. 124.
- ↑ Ortografia mazurska ( Polish ) pomazursku.pl. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
- ↑ Mazurská.eu - mazurskie niejsce w jinterneče . mazurska.eu. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
- ↑ Mały Słownik Gwary Mazurskiej ( Polish ) olsztyn.luteranie.pl. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
- ↑ German Masurian Language Dictionary Online . de.glosbe.com. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
- ↑ Skąd się wzięły nazwy miesięcy i dni tygodnia? ( Masurian ) ciekawe.org. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
- ^ Mapa Mazur . mazurska.eu. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
- ^ From the Ortelsburger Heimatbote, 2006, p. 178