Stinky ash
| Stinky ash | ||||||||||||
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Velvet-haired stinky ash ( Tetradium daniellii ) |
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| Tetradium | ||||||||||||
| Lour. |
The tetradium ( Stink-ash [ ʃtɪŋkˌʔɛʃn̩ ] Tetradium ) are a genus of the family Rutaceae (Rutaceae). Its approximately nine species have their main range in tropical Asia .
description
Appearance and leaves
The smelly ash trees are evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs . The side buds are exposed. The constantly against arranged on the branches leaves are pinnate unpaired. The lateral leaflets are often more or less unequal, especially the lowest.
Inflorescences and flowers
Tetradium styles are usually dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ) or rarely is Gynodioecy ago. The terminally or terminally and laterally arranged inflorescences have the structure of a thyrsus .
The mostly unisexual flowers are radial symmetry, four or five-fold with a double flower envelope . The four or five sepals are only fused at their base. The four or five petals are free. The male flowers contain only a circle with four or five stamens , while the stamens are up to one and a half times as long as petals. The male flowers also contain a conical to cylindrical, rarely barrel-shaped disc and a rudimentary gynoeceum of four or five finger-like carpels that are fused at their base. The female flowers contain four or five free only at their base a little overgrown fruit leaves , each one or two ovules contain, as well as four or five more or less contiguous pens, each ending in a shield-shaped scar. The female flowers also contain a cushion- to barrel-shaped disc and four or five, rarely none, rudimentary stamens that are tongue-shaped and much shorter than the petals.
Fruits and seeds
The fruit consists of one to five follicles that are only fused at their base . The pericarp (exocarp and mesocarp) is dry to more or less fleshy and the endocarp is cartilaginous. The seeds remain in the non-opening fruit even when ripe. The seeds contain abundant endosperm and a straight embryo with two broadly elliptical, more or less flattened cotyledons ( cotyledons ).
distribution
Tetradium is native to eastern, southern, and southeastern Asia. Of the approximately nine types of tetradium , seven occur in China, one of which ( Tetradium calcicola ) occurs only there. The total distribution area extends from the Himalayas to Indochina as well as Sumatra and Java .
Systematics
The genus Tetradium was founded in 1790 by João de Loureiro with the type species Tetradium trichotomum Lour. in Flora Cochinchinensis , 1, p. 91. Some species of the genus Euodia , which today only contains seven species, have been assigned to tetradium . Synonyms for genus Tetradium Lour are Boymia A.Juss. , Euodia J.R. Forster & G. Forster sect. Tetradium (Lour.) Engler , Euodia sect. Evodioceras Dode , Euodia sect. Oxyactis (Bennett) Rehder & EHWilson , Euodia sect. Subtrigonospermum C.C. Huang , Megabotrya Hance ex Walpers , Philagonia Blume , Zanthoxylum subgen. Oxyactis Bennett . The genus Tetradium belongs to the subfamily Toddalioideae in the family Rutaceae .
species
There are (five to ten) about nine types of tetradium :
- Tetradium austrosinense (Handel-Mazzetti) TGHartley (Syn .: Euodia austrosinensis Handel-Mazzetti ): It occurs in China and northern Vietnam.
- Tetradium calcicola (Chun ex CCHuang) TG Hartley (Syn .: Euodia calcicola Chun ex CCHuang ); Endemic to China
- Tetradium cymosum wall. ex Royle
- Tetradium daniellii ( Tetradium daniellii (Benn.) TGHartley ), also bee tree or honey ash called. It occurs in China and Korea.
- Tetradium fraxinifolium (Hook.) TGHartley : It occurs in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Yunnan and Xizang .
- Tetradium glabrifolium (Champ. Ex Benth.) T.Hartley (Syn .: Boymia glabrifolia Champion ex Bentham , Ampacus meliifolia (Hance ex Walpers) Kuntze , Euodia ailantifolia Pierre , Euodia balansae Dode , Euodia fargesii Dode , Euodia glauca Miquel , Euodia meliifolia ( Hance ex Walpers) Bentham , Euodia taiwanensis T.Yamazaki , Euodia yunnanensis C.C.Huang , Eurycoma dubia Elmer , Megabotrya meliifolia Hance ex Walpers , Phellodendron burkillii Steenis , Tetradium glabrifolium var. glaucum (Miquel) T.Yamazaki , Tetradium taiwanense (T.Yamazaki) T.Yamazaki ): It occurs in India, Bhutan, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan.
- Tetradium ruticarpum (A.Juss.) T.Hartley (Syn .: Boymia ruticarpa A.Juss. , Ampacus ruticarpa (A.Juss.) Kuntze , Euodia baberi Rehder & EHWilson , Euodia bodinieri Dode , Euodia compacta Handel-Mazzetti , Euodia compacta var. meionocarpa Handel-Mazzetti , Euodia hirsutifolia Hayata , Euodia officinalis Dode , Euodia rugosa Rehder & EHWilson , Euodia ruticarpa (A.Juss.) Bentham , Euodia ruticarpa var. bodinieri (Dode) CCHuang , Euodia var. officinalia ruticaruang ): It occurs in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, China and Taiwan and is a neophyte in Japan.
- Tetradium sambucinum (Blume) TGHartley (Syn .: Philagonia sambucina Blume )
- Tetradium trichotomum Lour. (Syn .: Ampacus trichotoma (Lour.) Kuntze , Brucea trichotoma (Lour.) Sprengel , Euodia colorata Dunn , Euodia hainanensis Merrill , Euodia lenticellata C.C.Huang , Euodia trichotoma (Lour.) Elmer , Euodia trichotoma var. Pubescens C.C.Huang , Euodia viridans Drake ): It occurs in Thailand, Laos, northern Vietnam and China.
use
The tetradium daniellii ( Tetradium daniellii ), also known as bee tree or honey ash known, in temperate latitudes hardy and is used as an ornamental plant in Parks; this species is considered a bee pasture .
The fruits of Tetradium fraxinifolium are cooked and processed into chutney . An oil is extracted from the fruits of Tetradium daniellii , which is used as edible and hair oil.
The medicinal effects of Tetradium fraxinifolium and Tetradium ruticarpum have been studied.
swell
- Dianxiang Zhang & Thomas G. Hartley: Tetradium in the Flora of China , Volume 11, 2008, p. 66: Identification keys, distribution and description of the genus and the Chinese species. (Section description, distribution and systematics)
- TG Hartley: A revision of the genus Tetradium (Rutaceae) , In: Gardens' Bulletin Singapore , 34, 1981, pp. 91-131.
- Mark Flanagan: Notes on the genus Tetradium , In: Curtis's Botanical Magazine (including The Kew Magazine ), Volume 5, Issue 4, 1988, pp. 181-191.
Individual evidence
- ↑ First description scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ Tetradium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b c d e Tetradium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ^ A b c Dianxiang Zhang & Thomas G. Hartley: Tetradium Loureiro. Loureiro tetradium. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 11: Rutaceae.
- ↑ Euodia daniellii ( Memento from July 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) at Plant database of University of Connecticut.
- ↑ a b Tetradium fraxinifolium at Plants for A Future .
- ^ Tetradium daniellii at Plants for A Future .
- ↑ Tetradium ruticarpum at Plants for A Future .
